"Pocket" ISP based on RedHat Linux Anton Chuvakin, anton@chuvakin.org v1.0.1 4 April 2000 This document outlines the setup of a single RedHat box for dialins, virtual web hosting, virtual email, POP3 and ftp servers. Why anybody might need this in one box is beyond the scope of this document. The idea is a complete ISP solution based on RedHat Linux. Any part of this setup can be implemented separately though. I will try to empha- size all the commands so one can just paste them to configure his own box. The list of documents that I borrowed from and some further reading is below (see References section). I will try to keep secu- rity in mind on all stages of the setup and to make clear all the security limitations of this setup. I should add that assets that are to be protected in this case are considered not very valuable (e.g. personal pages etc) thus efforts spent on securing the setup are allowed to be limited. ______________________________________________________________________ Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Changes from 1.0.0 to 1.0.1 3. TODO Tue Apr 4 15:23:11 EDT 2000 3.1 New versions of this document 3.2 Feedback 3.3 Standard disclaimer 3.4 Copyright information 4. Step by step guide 4.1 Get RH 4.2 Install RH 4.3 Some install tips 4.4 Some preliminary security configuration 4.5 Remove unnecessary services 4.6 Enable multiple IP addresses 4.7 Configure DNS 4.8 Configure httpd 4.9 Configure sendmail 4.10 Configure POP3 4.11 Configure FTP server 4.12 Configure dialin 4.12.1 Linux setup 4.12.2 Windows setup 4.13 Open access 5. Conclusion 6. References ______________________________________________________________________ 1. Introduction The guide assumes some familiarity with Linux functionality and general Linux/UNIX setup procedure (although not very detailed). Fully functional brain is also required for some stages of the procedure. All setup would be done manually (without the use of linuxconf or other tools). Not that those are bad or that there is anything wrong with them. The reasons for that are: 1) it is comparatively hard to give step by step directions that produce predictable results as these tools pretend they are intelligent and "know better" (Windows syndrome) 2) layout of tools changes with time and is different in some distributions 3) manual setup gives better understanding of system works (not that it is always required though) 4)some tools allow only limited configuration of Linux system or do not keep up with updated features. While many improvements are possible to this setup they might be described in later editions of this document - I just outline one possible way (accidentally, the one I used). The writeup is aimed at RedHat Linux, but with trivial changes can be used on any modern Linux distribution. The resulting configuration loosely follows the setup of some particular machines built by the author.. 2. Changes from 1.0.0 to 1.0.1 o Many errors corrected (both spelling and factual) o References section updated o Minor changes in wording and syntax to improve clarity o More security info added to several sections o Windows configuration for dialup added 3. TODO Tue Apr 4 15:23:11 EDT 2000 o Finish ftp permission considerations and possible variations of the setup (like, no uploads at all etc) o Add more meat to dialin section (troubleshooting is necessary) and describe setup of Windows boxes to use it (really, nothing special) and investigate variations of the setup (simplify?) o More on security of all the services we install (clear text password, DoS by overflowing partition in mail and ftp, http access configs etc) o Add info on POP3 and ftp tunneling via ssh (just for fun) o Add troubleshooting subsections in various sections 3.1. New versions of this document New versions of this document can be found at http://www.chuvakin.org/ispdoc 3.2. Feedback All comments, error reports, additional information (very much appreciated!!!) and criticism of all sorts should be directed to: anton@chuvakin.org http://www.chuvakin.org/ My PGP key is located at http://www.chuvakin.org/pgpkey Please direct spelling error comments to your friendly local spell checker. 3.3. Standard disclaimer No liability for the contents of this document can be accepted. Use the concepts, examples and other content at your own risk. Additionally, this is an early version, with many possibilities for inaccuracies and errors. One of many possible setups will be described. In the Linux world, there is usually a number of ways in which to accomplish things. As far as I know, only programs that under certain terms may be used or evaluated for personal purposes will be described. Most of the programs will be available complete with source under GNU-like terms. 3.4. Copyright information This document is copyrighted (c) 2000 Anton Chuvakin and distributed under the following terms: o Linux HOWTO documents may be reproduced and distributed in whole or in part, in any medium physical or electronic, as long as this copyright notice is retained on all copies. Commercial redistribution is allowed and encouraged; however, the author would like to be notified of any such distributions. o All translations, derivative works, or aggregate works incorporating any Linux HOWTO documents must be covered under this copyright notice. That is, you may not produce a derivative work from a HOWTO and impose additional restrictions on its distribution. Exceptions to these rules may be granted under certain conditions; please contact the Linux HOWTO coordinator at the address given below. o If you have questions, please contact Greg Hankins, the Linux HOWTO coordinator, at gregh@sunsite.unc.edu 4. Step by step guide Ingredients needed: o RedHat Linux distribution (the instructions are exactly applicable to RedHat 6.1 or 6.0 (I think, 6.2, as well, since there are no major changes) and with some minor changes to 5.x versions) o compatible hardware (also known as a PC), that includes network card and modem (at least one) o 3-256 IP addresses (as the machine will give out some IP addresses for modem callers and use others for virtual hosting more than 1 is needed, the upper number is the maximum number of IP-based virtual hosts allowed without recompiling the stock RedHat kernel, lower is one real IP, one modem and one virtual IP). o some sort of permanent network connection (using some modems for dialin while providing the Internet access via another modem is considered weird and not recommended) Here follows the procedure: 4.1. Get RH Purchase or otherwise procure the RedHat 6.1 (further referred as RH, latest version number is 6.1 at the time of writing) distribution and compatible hardware. One can get a full RH CDROM for about $2.00 including shipping and handling at http://www.cheapbytes.com. This version will not contain such luxuries as secure web server and extra software. For those you should turn to RedHat website. Or probably buying the PC with Linux RH pre-installed is an option for some. 4.2. Install RH Install the RH following the *instructions on the package* (might be added here later). CDROM install is very easy to perform. I suggest using text-mode setup, in my case their new graphical one failed miserably. When asked about the installation type (Server/Workstation/Custom) choose Server or Custom (if you know what you are doing)-you can always add software later. Some other important installation decisions are outlined further. 4.3. Some install tips If you hardware really is compatible the installation process will detect and configure it correctly. Otherwise, refer to corresponding documentation for troubleshooting network card, modem, video card, etc problems (mostly HOWTOs and mini-HOWTOs, some are in References section below). If you network card is detected properly you will be asked for an IP address of your machine, gateway address and network mask and the address of the DNS server (might be your own machine if you plan to set it up this way). Have all this info handy. Also you will be asked for a machine name and domain name. We will use a sample domain name you.com and the machine will be named ns (that gives us a fully qualified domain name (FQDN) ns.you.com). You should use whatever domain you registered (see Setting Up Your New Domain Mini-HOWTO, link in References section below) and intend to use as you primary domain (not a virtual). For the gateway address we will use a sample 111.222.333.111 address. Gateway is likely the router that connects your machine (or your LAN) to the outside world. Enable shadow and MD5 passwords for greater security. First of those makes the file that contains encrypted passwords readable only to root user and the second allows longer and harder to crack passwords. As it will be a standalone machine do not enable NIS/NFS. After installation finishes and machine reboots you will see the login prompt. Enter login and password (for the root account) and start configuring you new Linux station. 4.4. Some preliminary security configuration First (and fast), add a line: ALL:ALL to your /etc/hosts.deny file. That would (to some known extent) prevent other people from accessing your machine while you are doing the configuration. That will also prevent you from doing the same. For further configuration efforts (that can be done remotely, by the way) secure shell is recommended. Download the RPM package for RH from one of the many sites and install it (as root) using: rpm -U ssh*rpm or similar command (depends upon the version). You will have to get both client and server packages (if you want to ssh from this machines as well as to this machine). Upon installation all necessary post-installation commands (like server key generation) are run automatically by the RPM package. You will have to start server manually using command /etc/rc.d/init.d/sshd start.Some early versions of ssh-1 and also all versions of ssh-1 compiled with RSAREF library contain a buffer-overflow bug. Use ssh-2 or the latest version of ssh-1 without RSAREF. If you do this you will have to allow access using ssh from some trusted machine (described later) in /etc/hosts.allow file. If you want to be really rigorous in you configuration pursuits go to single use mode by giving the command init 1, in this case all work is to be done locally and you would not be able to test you network- related configuration as network is not available in this mode. To further enhance your security ipchains software (that is usually part of your Linux distribution) can be used (for that refer to IPCHAINS HOWTO, link in References). It takes quite a bit more efforts to configure it than TCP wrappers, although some automated tools are available for that too. 4.5. Remove unnecessary services Now lets deal with unnecessary services. Please note that my idea of "unnecessary" might not be 100% same as yours. 1. Services started from /etc/inetd.conf: comment out all the lines, but those ftp stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd in.ftpd -L -l -i -a telnet stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd in.telnetd Check this by using the command: grep -v '\#' /etc/inetd.conf If you will be using the secure shell (ssh), telnet is also not necessary and can be removed. Secure shell can either be started as a daemon on system startup or as a service from /etc/inetd.conf. Default configuration (used by the RPM package) is to start is as a daemon. Sshd can be compiled to refer to /etc/hosts.allow file for access control. In this case, while you will not have it in your /etc/inetd.conf, it will still use the settings from /etc/hosts.allow and /etc/hosts.deny. The advantages of this method is faster connection as the sshd will not have to regenerate server key every time somebody connects. On the other hand, if you start it from /etc/inetd.conf it will be more isolated from the outside world. More lines will be added to /etc/inetd.conf as necessary (POP3 is one of those). 2. Services started on system startup from /etc/rc.d directory: Check what services are running by using: ps ax. You will get something similar to the sample output below: PID TTY STAT TIME COMMAND 1 ? S 0:04 init 2 ? SW 0:30 [kflushd] 3 ? SW 0:32 [kupdate] 4 ? SW 0:00 [kpiod] 5 ? SW 0:03 [kswapd] 6 ? SW< 0:00 [mdrecoveryd] 296 ? SW 0:00 [apmd] 349 ? S 0:00 syslogd -m 0 360 ? S 0:00 klogd 376 ? S 0:00 /usr/sbin/atd 392 ? S 0:00 crond 412 ? S 0:00 inetd 454 ttyS0 S 0:00 gpm -t ms 533 tty2 SW 0:00 [mingetty] 534 tty3 SW 0:00 [mingetty] 535 tty4 SW 0:00 [mingetty] 536 tty5 SW 0:00 [mingetty] 537 tty6 SW 0:00 [mingetty] 667 tty1 SW 0:00 [mingetty] 4540 ? S 0:00 httpd 5176 ? S 0:00 httpd 5177 ? S 0:00 httpd 5178 ? S 0:00 httpd 5179 ? S 0:00 httpd 5180 ? S 0:00 httpd 5181 ? S 0:00 httpd 5182 ? S 0:00 httpd 5183 ? S 0:00 httpd 7321 ? S 0:00 /usr/sbin/sshd <<<<< only after you installed sshd to run on startup 7323 pts/0 S 0:00 -bash 7336 pts/0 R 0:00 ps ax Lets concentrate on processes that listen to network, such as lpd. Since we do not plan to use our server for printing (we sure might, I just don't describe it here), I suggest we remove the printer daemon by: rpm -e lpd . If rpm complains about any dependencies (like, in my case, printfilter and rhprinttool), add them to your rpm -e command and repeat it. Other services that might be removed are NFS, NIS, samba etc, if they got installed by mistake. Again, these are useful things, I am just following the *golden rule* "remove the software you don't currently use". And, with RH RPM it is really easy to add it any time in the future. Some more basic security settings can be obtained from Armoring Linux paper. As suggested there, lets make a wheel group with trusted users (in our case, only user youwill be able to do /bin/su and to run cron jobs (together with root). o wheel group for sensitive commands: 1. vi /etc/group, add a line (if it doesn't exist): wheel:x:10:root,you as shown. You don't have to use vi (and I understand it very well), just use your favorite editor (for a nice reasonably user- friendly editor try pico, distributed together with mail program pine, the latter is part of most Linux distributions) 2. /bin/chgrp wheel /bin/su wheel group on /bin/su 3. /bin/chmod 4750 /bin/su o restrict cron: To only allow root and you to submit cron jobs create a file called /etc/cron.allow that contains usernames that you want to be able to run cron jobs. This file might look like this: root you I suggest you do not install X Windows as it will bring new concern that you might not be prepared to deal with. 4.6. Enable multiple IP addresses Now we are ready to enable our machine to handle multiple IP addresses for virtual hosting. At that point, the IP Aliasing HOWTO might come handy (see link in References). For several reasons, IP-based virtual hosting is better (if you have enough IP addresses, that is). For instance, reverse lookups would succeed, if done from the browser side. It might also be needed for hosting cryptographically enabled websites (commonly known as "secure websites"). Older browsers (not supporting HTTP 1.1) will get unhappy too. The changes would be concentrated in /etc/rc.d/ directory. To enable multiple IP addresses you kernel should support this. On a freshly installed RH Linux it does. To verify it one should look into the config file that was used to compile the kernel. In my case, it was /usr/src/linux/configs/kernel-2.2.12-i686.config since the machine has Pentium II processor. This file exists, if the kernel-source RPM package was installed. If line CONFIG_IP_ALIAS=y is present in the file than you are OK. While we are here, we can also confirm the ability to forward IP packets (needed for dialup users PPP). This ability is present, but not turned on by default. Also needed is the support for PPP protocol (line CONFIG_PPP=m, this means PPP support is compiled as a kernel loadable module, CONFIG_PPP=y is also OK) The examples will use the ridiculous IP addresses 111.222.333.444-111.222.333.777 from C block 111.222.333.0. 111.222.333.444 is a real host IP (that is configured during RH installation), 111.222.333.555-777 are virtual addresses and 111.222.333.888 is a dialin user address (can be more of those). Lets assume we want to configure 3 virtual hosts. Two sets of commands will be used: 1. /sbin/ifconfig eth0:0 111.222.333.555 /sbin/ifconfig eth0:1 111.222.333.666 /sbin/ifconfig eth0:2 111.222.333.777 These will bind the IP addresses to (virtual) interfaces eth0:0-eth0:2. 2. /sbin/route add -host 111.222.333.555 dev eth0 /sbin/route add -host 111.222.333.666 dev eth0 /sbin/route add -host 111.222.333.777 dev eth0 These commands will add routes for those addresses and connect those to real interface eth0 (ethernet card). After doing them the ifconfig command output (ifconfig) will look like this: eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 02:60:8C:4D:24:CE inet addr:111.222.333.444 Bcast:255.255.255.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:901597 errors:33 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:823 TX packets:433589 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:128327 txqueuelen:100 Interrupt:5 Base address:0x280 eth0:0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 02:60:8C:4D:24:CE inet addr:111.222.333.555 Bcast:111.222.333.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 Interrupt:5 Base address:0x280 eth0:1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 02:60:8C:4D:24:CE inet addr:111.222.333.666 Bcast:111.222.333.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 Interrupt:5 Base address:0x280 eth0:2 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 02:60:8C:4D:24:CE inet addr:111.222.333.777 Bcast:111.222.333.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 Interrupt:5 Base address:0x280 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:3924 Metric:1 RX packets:26232 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:26232 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 All commands can be added to the bottom of /etc/rc.d/rc.local so that the changes are saved after reboot. Strictly speaking, rebooting machine is not required for adding new IP addresses. Please, do docu- ment all changes you do to your machines. Many a good sysadmin (or, should I say not-so-good?) were burned on that at some point in their careers. 4.7. Configure DNS Now we are ready to configure DNS. The easiest way would be to add the hostnames (real and all the virtual) that we want to be seen by the world to the configuration of some machine that already has bind (DNS daemon) running. But, since we are setting up ISP-in-a-box we might not be able to avoid "DNS fun". Now, let me also try to defend the (well, questionable) choice of "outdated" version of bind 4.9.7 (last of the pre-8 series). I know that my arguments can be beaten, but I consider bind 4.9.7 much more time-tested and stable. The arguments for upgrading to 8.x (provided http://www.acmebw.com/askmrdns/00444.htm and http://www.dns.net/dnsrd/servers.html and, I guess, at many other places) still didn't seem to convince many people. And, lets not forget the "exploit of 1999" - ADMROCKS, that gives remote root access to almost any Linux machine running bind prior to 8.1.2 patch 3. Judging by the INCIDENTS mailing list, this is still a very popular way to attack RH versions 5.0-6.1 if no recommended upgrades are installed. Here are the instructions, loosely following the DNS book from O'Reily (a good one, highly recommended to all, but very casual DNS user). 1. Find and install bind 4.9.7 either from RPM package (RH 4.2, if I am not mistaken - for that you can use RPMFIND.net, personally I didn't try this and so I am somewhat skeptical about installing RH 4.2 package on RH 6.1 system, but it might work) or from source (bind 4.9.7, compiling it is a bit troublesome, but reading all the README files in the archive will definitely help) 2. Create files and directories needed for bind: o /etc/named.boot o /etc/namedb o /etc/namedb/db.you o /etc/namedb/db.111.222.333 o /etc/namedb/db.127.0.0 o /etc/namedb/db.yoursite1 o /etc/namedb/db.yoursite2 o /etc/namedb/db.yoursite3 This will be used for 3 virtual domains: yoursite1.com,yoursite2.com and yoursite3.com. One more important comment refers to secondary DNS issue. As all your domains and all their services will be hosted on the same machine, DNS backup in the form of secondary server doesn't make much sense: if your primary DNS is down everything else (mail, www, ftp, pop, etc) is down as well. But you do have to have a secondary DNS to register a domain. Try to convince somebody to put you in as a secondary or use a free DNS service (link is in Setting Up Your New Domain Mini- HOWTO). 3. That is how they look like (if you are unfamiliar with bind 4.x configuration file format, please, do read either the O'Reily DNS book or any of the HOWTOs or documents at bind pages, or, better, all of the above. You also have an option of using them without understanding, but this is a bad idea in general): /etc/named.boot This is the main config file for bind 4.9.x. directory /etc/namedb ;cache-obtained from internic, usually cache . db.cache ;main config files primary you.com db.you ;reverse lookups primary 333.222.111.in-addr.arpa db.111.222.333 ;localhost.localnet configs primary 0.0.127.in-addr.arpa db.127.0.0 ;virtual Domains primary yoursite1.net db.yoursite1 primary yoursite2.net db.yoursite2 primary yoursite3.net db.yoursite3 4. /etc/namedb/db.you ; defines our local hosts at you.com, just one in our case, and its aliases @ IN SOA ns.you.com. root.ns.you.com. ( 2000012190 7200 1800 3600000 7200 ) ;name servers and mail servers IN NS ns.you.com. IN MX 10 ns.you.com. IN A 111.222.333.444 ns IN A 111.222.333.444 ;address of the canonical names localhost IN A 127.0.0.1 gateway IN A 111.222.333.111 ;aliases (to use in ftp: ftp ftp.you.com etc, for clarity) www CNAME ns mail CNAME ns ftp CNAME ns pop3 CNAME ns 5. /etc/namedb/db.111.222.333 ;reverse mapping of our IP addresses . ;origin is 333.222.111.in-addr.arpa 333.222.111.in-addr.arpa. IN SOA ns.you.com. root.ns.you.com. ( 1999121501 7200 1800 3600000 7200 ) ;name Servers IN NS ns.you.com. ;addresses point to canonical name 444.333.222.111.in-addr.arpa. IN PTR ns.you.com. ;dialups 888 IN PTR dialup.you.com. ;virtual hosts 555 IN PTR yoursite1.com. 666 IN PTR yoursite2.com. 777 IN PTR yoursite3.com. 6. /etc/namedb/db.127.0.0 ;local loop config file 0.0.127.in-addr.arpa. IN SOA ns.you.com. root.ns.you.com. ( 1997072200 7200 1800 3600000 7200 ) IN NS ns.you.com. 1 IN PTR localhost. 7. /etc/namedb/db.yoursite1 ; yoursite1.com @ IN SOA virtual root.virtual ( 1999092201 ; Serial: update each time the file is changed 7200 ; refresh, sec 1800 ; retry, sec 3600000 ; expire, sec 7200 ) ; minimum TTL ;name Servers IN NS ns.you.com. IN MX 10 virtual IN A 111.222.333.555 ;address of the canonical names localhost IN A 127.0.0.1 gateway IN A 111.222.333.111 virtual IN A 111.222.333.555 IN MX 10 virtual ;aliases www CNAME virtual mail CNAME virtual ftp CNAME virtual pop3 CNAME virtual 8. /etc/namedb/db.yoursite2 ; yoursite2.com @ IN SOA virtual root.virtual ( 1999092201 ; Serial: update each time the file is changed 7200 ; refresh, sec 1800 ; retry, sec 3600000 ; expire, sec 7200 ) ; minimum TTL ;name Servers IN NS ns.you.com. IN MX 10 virtual IN A 111.222.333.666 ;address of the canonical names localhost IN A 127.0.0.1 gateway IN A 111.222.333.111 virtual IN A 111.222.333.666 IN MX 10 virtual ;aliases www CNAME virtual mail CNAME virtual ftp CNAME virtual pop3 CNAME virtual 9. /etc/namedb/db.yoursite3 ; yoursite3.com @ IN SOA virtual root.virtual ( 1999092201 ; Serial: update each time the file is changed 7200 ; refresh, sec 1800 ; retry, sec 3600000 ; expire, sec 7200 ) ; minimum TTL ;name Servers IN NS ns.you.com. IN MX 10 virtual IN A 111.222.333.777 ;address of the canonical names localhost IN A 127.0.0.1 gateway IN A 111.222.333.111 virtual IN A 111.222.333.777 IN MX 10 virtual ;aliases www CNAME virtual mail CNAME virtual ftp CNAME virtual pop3 CNAME virtual These configuration files will allow you to host these three virtual domains and you real domain you.com. 4.8. Configure httpd To server html pages httpd daemon is used. RH 6.1 comes with Apache 1.3.9 (latest version is currently 1.3.12). At that point it is wise to check RH site or its mirrors (RH Mirrors) for updates. Most changes that we are about to make concentrate in /etc/httpd/httpd.conf (RH standard location for Apache configuration). Default location for html pages (shown when you go to www.you.com) is /home/httpd/html. You can allocate directories for virtual hosts within the same /home/httpd, shown below are the following locations for them: /home/httpd/yoursite1, /home/httpd/yoursite2 and /home/httpd/yoursite3. Below I provide the minimum necessary changes for your /etc/httpd/httpd.conf file: ServerAdmin webmaster@you.com DocumentRoot /home/httpd/yoursite1 ServerName www.yoursite1.com ErrorLog yoursite1-error_log TransferLog yoursite1-access_log ServerAdmin webmaster@you.com DocumentRoot /home/httpd/yoursite2 ServerName www.yoursite2.com ErrorLog yoursite2-error_log TransferLog yoursite2-access_log ServerAdmin webmaster@you.com DocumentRoot /home/httpd/yoursite3 ServerName www.yoursite3.com ErrorLog yoursite3-error_log TransferLog yoursite3-access_log That configuration will cause all logs to be stored in one directory (whatever is specified as such) for all sites. If that is not desired the ErrorLog and TransferLog directives can be changed to point to the proper location separately for each virtual host. The pages for the "real" www.you.com will be stored in default location /home/httpd/html. For more information, look at http://www.apache.org, Apache http server homepage. They have a lot of support pages, including those for virtual hosting setup (both IP-based and name-based [uses just 1 IP address]). Also useful is Linux WWW HOWTO (link in References section), section on virtual hosting. 4.9. Configure sendmail Now we will deal with sendmail. Again, proposed are the minimum necessary changes to the stock RH /etc/sendmail.cf and /etc/sendmail.cw. 1. look for the lines that starts from Dj$w.foo.com and change it to point to your main ("real", not virtual) server name (you.com, so it will looks like this Dj$w.you.com). 2. locate file /etc/sendmail.cw and make it look like this # sendmail.cw - include all aliases for your machine here. you.com ns.you.com mail.you.com yoursite1.com mail.yoursite1.com yoursite2.com mail.yoursite2.com yoursite3.com mail.yoursite3.com These are necessary so that sendmail accepts mail for these domains. This does not address the issue of user@yoursite1.com and user@yoursite2.com mail getting to different mailboxes. For that look into /etc/mail/virtusertable functionality (appropriate line in /etc/sendmail.cw is Kvirtuser hash -o /etc/mail/virtusertable, detailed info may be added here later). Excellent documentation on that is on http://www.sendmail.org/virtual, sendmail reference on virtual hosting. It is worthwhile to add that linuxconf proposes a somewhat different scheme for virtual email with separate spool directories for all domains (that cleanly solves the above "name-conflict" issue"), but that requires a special virtual-aware POP/IMAP server (included with RH) and is somewhat more complicated. It is recommended for bigger email volume sites with many users within each domain. A few words about sendmail, it is a good idea (good from a security standpoint) to have sendmail run from inetd.conf and not as a standalone daemon. For that we need to add it to /etc/inetd.conf, remove it from /etc/rc.d/init.d, add the sendmail queue processing to cron. Here is what you have to do: 1. Add the following line to /etc/inetd.conf: smtp stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/sbin/sendmail -bs 2. Edit /etc/rc.d/init.d/sendmail to have exit 0 somewhere in the very beginning (might not be the best way, be sure to document the changes you do to these files) so that this file does nothing instead of starting sendmail 3. By editing your (root's) crontab (to edit do crontab -e) add a line like this */20 * * * * /usr/sbin/sendmail -q That would process sendmail queue every 20 min (if it exists). The described steps will simplify sendmail access control and will let you regulate who can talk to you 25 port, not just who can send email through you. The lines in /etc/hosts.allow that let all machines from .com and .org domains send you email are as follows sendmail: .com .org Please, note, that the daemon name, not protocol name is used here (sendmail, NOT smtp). That would allow your system to handle email for all those domains. 4.10. Configure POP3 POP3 configuration is easy (no "virtualization" is required for this setup). RH comes equipped with imapd IMAP server. If you do not want to use IMAP functionality or do not like this particular implementation (buffer overflow bugs were discovered in it at some point) the good idea is to use qpopper, free POP3 daemon from Eudora http://www.eudora.com/freeware/qpop.html. At the time of writing they release the "stable" version (qpopper 2.53) and "public beta" ( qpopper 3.0, release 34, now called "final beta"). It is important to note that versions earlier than 2.5 contain a buffer overflow error that allows remote root exploit to be executed. Same problem plagues "public betas" up to 3.0 release 21. Use either 2.53 or the latest 3.0 beta (the former is better audited and the latter is better suited for RH - seamlessly works with PAM authentication). I suggest using 3.0, so the instructions below apply to that case. 1. wget ftp://ftp.qualcomm.com/eudora/servers/unix/popper/qpopper3.0b34.tar.Z Retrieve the archive from Eudora site. 2. tar zxvf qpopper3.0b34.tar.Z Uncompress and untar the contents. 3. cd qpopper If you need explanation for this step, please, discontinue reading the document. 4. ./configure --enable-specialauth --with-pam --enable-log-login --enable-shy The options here are: --enable-specialauth : allows MD5 and shadow passwords --with-pam: allows the use of RH Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) technology --enable-log-login: log successful logins, not only failures (not really that useful as it will use tcpd wrappers logging anyway) --enable-shy: conceal version number (yeah, a little pesky manifestation of "security through obscurity") 5. make That compiles the popper 6. /bon/cp popper/popper /usr/local/bin Now copy it to /usr/local/bin and set the mode to -rwx------ 1 root root 297008 Feb 16 15:41 /usr/local/lib/popper by using the command: chmod 700 /usr/local/bin/popper 7. Add a line to /etc/inetd.conf pop3 stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/local/bin/popper -s That would cause the tcpd wrapper to control access to popper. The lines to add in /etc/hosts.allow are popper: .good.com .nice.org That will allow people from domains good.com and nice.org to read email via POP3 client from your machine. To cause qpopper to use PAM authentication one must create a file for POP3 service in /etc/pam.d/ directory. File should be named "pop3" (same as line in /etc/services and qpopper compile-time option). The file looks like this: auth required /lib/security/pam_pwdb.so shadow account required /lib/security/pam_pwdb.so password required /lib/security/pam_cracklib.so password required /lib/security/pam_pwdb.so nullok use_authtok md5 shadow session required /lib/security/pam_pwdb.so 8. For whatever reason stock RH lists line in /etc/services file for POP3 protocol as "pop-3". And since qpopper prefers to see "pop3", it should be edited to be: pop3 110/tcp # pop3 service That would allow all user to get their email via any reasonable mail client. 4.11. Configure FTP server We will use only anonymous ftp and will not allow any non-anonymous user any access. Here we describe the anonymous ftp server setup that allows anonymous uploads. Any self-respecting guide on the subject will tell you that "this is a bad thing". But how is it worse than allowing users to ftp from untrusted location and transfer their passwords in clear text? Not everybody (especially, using Windows) can easily setup an ftp tunnel via ssh. I suggest using the stock RH wu-ftpd (version 2.6.0 at the time of writing). While it is rumored that there are "more secure" ftp daemons (Pro-FTP?), wu-ftp appears to be one most commonly used. RH installs the wu-ftpd (package wu-ftpd-2.6.0-1) by default in server configuration. You are encouraged to check for updates as running ftp is an important security concern. There is also a separate rpm package that creates a separate directory for anonymous ftp home (anonftp-2.8-1). As anonymous ftp always does a chroot() system call (puts the user in the restricted file system) all necessary binaries and libraries are required. The typical directory looks like this (output of ls -lRa in /home/ftp): .: total 20 d--x--x--x 2 root root 4096 Feb 15 06:22 bin d--x--x--x 2 root root 4096 Feb 15 06:22 etc drwxrws-wt 2 root wheel 4096 Feb 18 19:51 incoming drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 15 06:22 lib drwxr-sr-x 3 root ftp 4096 Feb 15 23:34 pub bin: total 344 ---x--x--x 1 root root 15204 Mar 21 1999 compress ---x--x--x 1 root root 52388 Mar 21 1999 cpio ---x--x--x 1 root root 50384 Mar 21 1999 gzip ---x--x--x 1 root root 29308 Mar 21 1999 ls ---------- 1 root root 62660 Mar 21 1999 sh ---x--x--x 1 root root 110668 Mar 21 1999 tar lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 4 Feb 15 06:22 zcat -> gzip etc: total 40 -r--r--r-- 1 root root 53 Mar 21 1999 group -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 31940 Mar 21 1999 ld.so.cache -r--r--r-- 1 root root 79 Mar 21 1999 passwd incoming: total 0 lib: total 1212 -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 77968 Mar 21 1999 ld-2.1.1.so lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 11 Feb 15 06:22 ld-linux.so.2 -> ld-2.1.1.so -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1031004 Mar 21 1999 libc-2.1.1.so lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 13 Feb 15 06:22 libc.so.6 -> libc-2.1.1.so -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 77196 Mar 21 1999 libnsl-2.1.1.so lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Feb 15 06:22 libnsl.so.1 -> libnsl-2.1.1.so -rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 33596 Mar 21 1999 libnss_files-2.1.1.so lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 21 Feb 15 06:22 libnss_files.so.2 -> libnss_fi les-2.1.1.so pub: total 0 Notice though, that for whatever reason, RH puts a copy of /bin/sh in /home/ftp/bin. I do not feel good about having it there, so it is chmoded to 0 by chmod 0 sh (can also be removed completely, but RPM might be slightly unhappy if you attempt to remove the package afterwards). Permissions on /home/ftp directories and files should be carefully considered. In the above example, all of the system files are owned by root and are only readable (executable where necessary) by all. Files in bin are only executable (as is the directory itself to prevent listing of its contents). The interesting part is permissions on pub and incoming. Below follows the configuration file for ftp daemon (/etc/ftpaccess). It is well commented to the degree of being self-explanatory: #ideas from #only allow anonymous users-no other classes defined class anonftp anonymous * #number of users restriction with message shown when too many limit remote 10 Any /toomany.msg #prevent uploads everywhere (for now) upload /home/ftp * no #display the contents of some files upon login/cd readme README* login readme README* cwd=* message /welcome.msg login message .message cwd=* #log all file transfers DISABLED #log transfers anonymous #prevent these file operations for anon users delete no anonymous overwrite no anonymous #fast cd and aliasing for the same reason (not really necessary, but convenient) alias inc: /incoming cdpath /incoming cdpath /pub cdpath / #what is allowed in paths path-filter anonymous /etc/pathmsg ^[-A-Za-z0-9_\.]*$ ^\. ^- #prevent the retrieval of some file noretrieve .notar #allow upload with NO subdirectory creation by anon users upload /home/ftp /incoming yes root wheel 0400 nodirs #allow upload with subdirectory creation by anon users DISABLED #upload /home/ftp /incoming yes root wheel 0400 dirs #prevent anon users to GET files from incoming (you might not like it, but it #is a good idea-to prevent some people from using you ftp server to store #their own stuff, pics, warez etc) noretrieve /home/ftp/incoming That would allow only anonymous users to do downloads and uploads in somewhat (!) controlled manner. 4.12. Configure dialin Now the fun part starts. We want the machine to allow dial-in access via attached (inserted?) modem or modems. It will provide either regular shell or restricted shell (that only executes pppd daemon). Windows 95/98 users should be able to effortlessly dial in using all default settings of their computers. 4.12.1. Linux setup To handle login via serial line some version of getty program is needed. This program monitors the serial line (/dev/ttyS1 will be used throughout the document, see serial HOWTO for details) and upon connection shown the login prompt or starts a program. I suggest using the mgetty program (as it has more features and is easier to setup than some of the competitors). RH comes with mgetty-1.1.21-2, that also has extensions to receive faxes and voice mail (if the modem supports this). Check whether mgetty is installed by doing: rpm -qa | grep mgetty. After installing mgetty some reconfiguration is necessary. The files that should be changed and the details follow: 1. /etc/inittab That enables mgetty to start when system is booted and be respawned accordingly. These lines should be added in the end. #for dialins use mgetty #note this S1 in the beginning of the line and ttyS1 in the end S1:2345:respawn:/sbin/mgetty ttyS1 2. /etc/ppp/options This file controls the pppd daemon whenever it is started. Some of the options here are optional (hey, that why they are called options, right?). auth -chap +pap login modem crtscts debug proxyarp lock ms-dns 111.222.333.444 Here is their brief meaning: o auth : use some sort of authentication for dialin clients o -chap: not CHAP o +pap: use PAP o login : use the system password file for authenticating the client using PAP and record the user in the system wtmp file, /etc/ppp/pap-secrets should still be present (see below) o modem : use the modem control lines (for carrier detection and other stuff) o crtscts : use hardware flow control o debug : log extra info (might be removed after everything is fine) o proxyarp : this is needed to connect from the client to the Internet, not just to the LAN you dialed into o lock: pppd should create a lock file for the serial device o ms-dns 111.222.333.444: this info is provided to Windows box as a default DNS server Look at pppd man page for all the juicy details (parts of the above info is adapted from there) 3. /etc/ppp/options.ttyS1 This file serves purpose similar to the previous one, but only applies to particular modem line. It specifies the IP address given to the remote machine (dynamic, in some sense, if you have more than one line) and the local IP as well. 111.222.333.444:111.222.333.888 4. /etc/mgetty+sendfax/login.config This file is the main mgetty control file. Mgetty is Windows-PPP- aware, so it has provisions to start pppd automatically upon receiving connect from the Windows machine. These lines should be present: /AutoPPP/ - - /usr/sbin/pppd Before adding them, check that some other version of similar command is absent there (commented out by default). 5. /etc/ppp/pap-secrets This is similar to /etc/password file, but only used for dialins and contains plain text passwords (apparently, only visible to root). All users that you want to be able to dialin must have their usernames and password listed in this file. They should enter the same username and password into Windows Dial Up Networking configuration. # Secrets for authentication using PAP # these two users below can use dialin # client server secret pword remote IP addresses dialinuser1 * b1ab1a!? 111.222.333.888 dialinuser2 * p8sSw0rD 111.222.333.888 Check that mgetty is running by looking for similar line in the output of ps ax command. 4625 ? S 0:00 /sbin/mgetty ttyS1 Now this machine will allow modem calls from any Windows 95/98 box. 4.12.2. Windows setup This is really straightforward. 1. Click on My Computer 2. Click on Dial Up networking 3. Click on Make New Connection 4. Proceed according to directions, enter the phone number etc 5. After a new connection is created click on it and enter the username and password (same as mentioned in /etc/passwd and /etc/ppp/pap-secrets) 6. Click Connect and it should work (it did in my case ;-) ) 4.13. Open access Now, after testing all the services, we are ready to open the access to this machine. The main access control facility in our case is TCP wrappers (tcpd). Their behavior is controlled by 2 files /etc/hosts.allow and /etc/hosts.deny, as was mentioned in the sections devoted to various network services. TCP wrappers configuration can be done in 2 distinct ways and we will employ the simplest. Let our /etc/hosts.deny contain ALL:ALL clause, thus denying the access to all services (started from /etc/inetd.conf ) for all hosts and all users on them. Now we can allow what we need explicitly in /etc/hosts.allow, thus following the philosophy "what is not expressly allowed is denied". Lets assume we want to allow people to read and send email, we want some trusted hosts to update contents of the web pages and we want admin workstation to have full access. So we arrive at the following /etc/hosts.allow: # # hosts.allow This file describes the names of the hosts which are # allowed to use the local INET services, as decided # by the '/usr/sbin/tcpd' server. # ALL: 127.0.0.1 adminbox.some.net #we rely on anti-relaying features of sendmail 8.9.x to fight spam #and also restrict some sites that we don't want to see email from sendmail: ALL EXCEPT .kr popper: .com .edu .gov .mil #these people can upload/download stuff in.ftpd: .this.net .that.net 5. Conclusion There must be the conclusion, right? 6. References Useful LDP HOWTOs (well, actually, all others are useful too) 1. Setting Up Your New Domain Mini-HOWTO., really good guide of DNS setup and general network setup (recommended reading) 2. Linux WWW HOWTO, provides more details on Apache setup, including virtual hosting 3. Red Hat Linux 6.X as an Internet Gateway for a Home Network, some hints on network setup 4. IP Aliasing On A Linux Machine, used for multiple IP on the same interface 5. Ethernet HOWTO, look here in case of network card trouble 6. IPCHAINS HOWTO, turn to this if more security is desired 7. Serial HOWTO, serial ports, lines, modems and related stuff 8. PPP HOWTO,some notes on PPP server setup Software (used or mentioned) websites 1. Eudora POP3 server 2. WU-FPTD ftp server 3. Sendmail MTA 4. Mgetty pages 5. Apache httpd server Other documents 1. Armoring Linux 2. Setting Up POP/PPP server 3. Mgetty and Windows dialin info 4. Using RedHat 5.1 to Start an ISP, the short article on how to start an ISP if all you have is a Linux RH ;-) Resources, not related to the topic of the document ;-) 1. I also maintain a list of computer/network security related books with (where available) reviews and online availability. It is posted at http://www.chuvakin.org/books. If you have a book that I don't list please use the form on the page and I will add it to the list and maybe review it later.