janl@math.uio.no, ÐÅÒÅ×ÏÄ Alex Ott
ott@phtd.tpu.edu.ru ðÒÉÍÅÞÁÎÉÅ ÐÅÒÅ×ÏÄÞÉËÁ: ûÌÉÔÅ ÍÎÅ ÌÀÂÙÅ ËÏÍÍÅÎÔÁÒÉÉ É ÚÁÍÅÞÁÎÉÑ, ÄÁÖÅ ÎÅÂÏÌØÛÉÅ.
ëÌÀÞÅ×ÙÅ ÓÌÏ×Á: DNS, bind, bind-4, bind-8, named, dialup, ppp, slip, isdn, Internet, ÄÏÍÅÎ (domain), ÉÍÑ (name), ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ (hosts), ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÉÅ ÉÍÅÎ (resolving)
á×ÔÏÒÓËÉÅ ÐÒÁ×Á (c) Nicolai Langfeldt, 1995. îÅ ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÌÑÔØ ÂÅÚ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ Á×ÔÏÒÓËÉÈ ÐÒÁ×, ÒÁÓÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÑÅÔÓÑ Ó×ÏÂÏÄÎÏ ÐÒÉ ÓÏÈÒÁÎÅÎÉÉ Õ×ÅÄÏÍÌÅÎÉÑ Ï Á×ÔÏÒÓËÉÈ ÐÒÁ×ÁÈ.
ñ ÈÏÞÕ ÐÏÂÌÁÇÏÄÁÒÉÔØ Arnt Gulbrandsen, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÐÏÓÔÏÑÎÎÏ ÞÉÔÁÅÔ ÞÅÒÎÏ×ÉËÉ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁ É ÄÁÅÔ ÍÎÏÇÏ ÓÏ×ÅÔÏ× É ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÁÃÉÊ. ñ ÔÁËÖÅ ÈÏÞÕ ÐÏÂÌÁÇÏÄÁÒÉÔØ ÌÀÄÅÊ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÐÒÉÓÌÁÌÉ ÍÎÅ Ó×ÏÉ ÐÒÅÄÌÏÖÅÎÉÑ É ÚÁÍÅÞÁÎÉÑ.
üÔÏÔ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔ ÎÉËÏÇÄÁ ÎÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÚÁËÏÎÞÅÎ, ÐÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ ÐÏÓÙÌÁÊÔÅ ÍÎÅ
ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ Ï ×ÁÛÉÈ ÕÓÐÅÈÁÈ É ÎÅÕÄÁÞÁÈ -- ÜÔÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÅÔ ÄÁÎÎÙÊ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔ
ÌÕÞÛÅ. ôÁËÖÅ ÐÏÓÙÌÁÊÔÅ ÄÅÎØÇÉ, ËÏÍÍÅÎÔÁÒÉÉ É/ÉÌÉ ×ÏÐÒÏÓÙ ÎÁ ÁÄÒÅÓ
janl@math.uio.no. åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÐÏÓÙÌÁÅÔÅ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ É ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ
ÏÔ×ÅÔ, ÔÏ ÐÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ ÐÒÏÑ×ÉÔÅ ×ÅÖÌÉ×ÏÓÔØ É ÕÂÅÄÉÔÅÓØ, ÞÔÏ ÏÂÒÁÔÎÙÊ
ÁÄÒÅÓ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÙÍ É ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ. ôÁËÖÅ ÐÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ ÐÒÏÞÉÔÁÊÔÅ
ÒÁÚÄÅÌ
÷ÏÐÒÏÓÙ É ÏÔ×ÅÔÙ ÄÏ ÔÏÇÏ ËÁË ÐÏÓÙÌÁÔØ
ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ.
åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÐÅÒÅ×ÅÓÔÉ ÜÔÏÔ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔ, ÔÏ ÐÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ ÓÏÏÂÝÉÔÅ ÍÎÅ Ï ÜÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ ÂÙ Ñ ÍÏÇ ÏÔÓÌÅÖÉ×ÁÔØ ÎÁ ËÁËÉÈ ÑÚÙËÁÈ Ñ ÂÙÌ ÏÐÕÂÌÉËÏ×ÁÎ, É ÔÁËÖÅ ÞÔÏÂÙ Ñ ÍÏÇ ÉÚ×ÅÓÔÉÔØ ×ÁÓ, ËÏÇÄÁ ÜÔÏÔ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎ.
üÔÏÔ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔ ÐÏÓ×ÑÝÅÎ Anne Line Norheim Langfeldt. èÏÔÑ ÏÎÁ ×ÅÒÏÑÔÎÏ ÎÉËÏÇÄÁ ÅÇÏ ÎÅ ÐÒÏÞÉÔÁÅÔ, ÐÏÓËÏÌØËÕ ÏÎÁ ÎÅ ÏÔÎÏÓÉÔÓÑ Ë ËÌÁÓÓÕ ÄÅ×ÕÛÅË, Õ×ÌÅÞÅÎÎÙÈ ÄÁÎÎÏÊ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÏÊ.
þÔÏ ÜÔÏ ÔÁËÏÅ, É ÞÅÍ ÜÔÏÔ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔ ÎÅ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ
äÌÑ ÎÁÞÉÎÁÀÝÉÈ, DNS -- ÜÔÏ äÏÍÅÎÎÁÑ óÉÓÔÅÍÁ éÍÅÎ (Domain Name System). DNS ÐÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÕÅÔ ÉÍÅÎÁ ÍÁÛÉÎ × IP-ÎÏÍÅÒÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÁÄÒÅÓÁÍÉ ÍÁÛÉÎ, ÏÎÁ ÐÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÕÅÔ ÉÚ ÉÍÅÎ × ÁÄÒÅÓÁ É ÉÚ ÁÄÒÅÓÏ× × ÉÍÅÎÁ. üÔÏÔ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔ ÐÏËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ËÁË ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÔØ ÔÁËÉÅ ÐÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ÎÁ ÂÁÚÅ Linux. ðÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ -- ÜÔÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÓÏÚÄÁÎÉÅ ÁÓÓÏÃÉÁÃÉÉ ÍÅÖÄÕ Ä×ÕÍÑ ×ÅÝÁÍÉ, × ÎÁÛÅÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÍÅÖÄÕ ÉÍÅÎÅÍ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ, ÔÁËÉÍ ËÁË ftp.linux.org, É ÎÏÍÅÒÏÍ IP ÜÔÏÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ, ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ 199.249.150.4.
DNS Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ, ÄÌÑ ÎÅÐÏÓ×ÑÝÅÎÎÙÈ (ÄÌÑ ×ÁÓ ;-), ÏÄÎÏÊ ÉÚ ÓÁÍÙÈ ÎÅÐÒÏÚÒÁÞÎÙÈ ÏÂÌÁÓÔÅÊ ÓÅÔÅ×ÏÇÏ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ. üÔÏÔ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔ ÐÏÓÔÁÒÁÅÔÓÑ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ×ÅÝÉ ÐÏÎÑÔÎÅÅ. úÄÅÓØ ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ËÁË ÎÁÓÔÒÏÉÔØ ÐÒÏÓÔÏÊ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ DNS. îÁÞÁ× Ó ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ ËÜÛÉÒÕÀÝÅÇÏ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ, ÍÙ ÐÅÒÅÊÄÅÍ Ë ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÅ ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÏÇÏ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ DNS ÄÌÑ ÄÏÍÅÎÁ. äÌÑ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÓÌÏÖÎÙÈ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÅË ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÅÔØ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÷ÏÐÒÏÓÙ É ÏÔ×ÅÔÙ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁ. åÓÌÉ ÏÎ ÎÅ ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÔ, ÔÏ ÞÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÎÏ, ÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÐÏÎÁÄÏÂÉÔÓÑ ÐÒÏÞÉÔÁÔØ ÐÏÌÎÕÀ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÀ. ñ ×ÏÚ×ÒÁÝÕÓØ Ë ÔÏÍÕ ÉÚ ÞÅÇÏ ÓÏÓÔÏÉÔ ÜÔÁ ÐÏÌÎÁÑ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÑ × ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎËÊ ÇÌÁ×Å.
äÏ ÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁ, ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÉÔØ ×ÁÛÕ ÍÁÛÉÎÕ ÔÁË, ÞÔÏÂÙ ×Ù
ÍÏÇÌÉ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ telnet ÎÁ ÎÅÅ/Ó ÎÅÅ, É ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔØ ÌÀÂÙÅ
ÓÅÔÅ×ÙÅ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÑ, É ×ÁÍ ÓÏ×ÅÒÛÅÎÎÏ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÉÍÅÔØ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØ
ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ telnet 127.0.0.1 É ×ÈÏÄÉÔØ ÎÁ Ó×ÏÀ ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÕÀ ÍÁÛÉÎÕ
(ÐÒÏÔÅÓÔÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÜÔÏ ÓÅÊÞÁÓ!). ÷ÁÍ ÔÁËÖÅ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÉÍÅÔØ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏ
ÎÁÓÔÒÏÅÎÎÙÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ /etc/nsswitch.conf (ÉÌÉ
/etc/host.conf), /etc/resolv.conf É /etc/hosts,
ÐÏÓËÏÌØËÕ Ñ ÎÅ ÂÕÄÕ ÏÂßÑÓÎÑÔØ ÉÈ ÆÕÎËÃÉÉ × ÜÔÏÍ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÅ. åÓÌÉ ÒÁÂÏÔÁ ÓÅÔÉ Õ ×ÁÓ
ÅÝÅ ÎÅ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÅÎÁ, ÔÏ × NET-3-HOWTO É/ÉÌÉ PPP-HOWTO ×ÁÍ
ÏÂßÑÓÎÑÔ ËÁË ÜÔÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ. ðÒÏÞÉÔÁÊÔÅ ÉÈ.
ëÏÇÄÁ Ñ ÇÏ×ÏÒÀ `×ÁÛÁ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ' Ñ ÐÏÄÒÁÚÕÍÅ×ÁÀ ÔÕ ÍÁÛÉÎÕ, ÎÁ ËÏÔÏÒÏÊ ×Ù ÐÙÔÁÅÔÅÓØ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÉÔØ DNS. á ÎÉ ËÁËÁÑ ÄÒÕÇÁÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÕÀ ×Ù ÍÏÇÌÉ ×Ï×ÌÅÞØ × ×ÁÛÉ ÓÅÔÅ×ÙÅ ÜËÓÐÅÒÉÍÅÎÔÙ.
ñ ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÁÇÁÀ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÎÅ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÅÓØ ÚÁ firewall ÌÀÂÏÇÏ ÔÉÐÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÂÌÏËÉÒÕÅÔ ÚÁÐÒÏÓ ÉÍÅÎ. åÓÌÉ ×Ù ×ÓÅ-ÔÁËÉ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÅÓØ ÚÁ firewall, ÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÁ ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÁÑ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÁ, ÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÷ÏÐÒÏÓÙ É ÏÔ×ÅÔÙ.
÷ Unix ÚÁÄÁÞÁ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÉÑ ÉÍÅÎ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÅÔÓÑ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÏÊ, ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÍÏÊ
named. ïÎÁ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÞÁÓÔØÀ ÐÁËÅÔÁ bind, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ
ÓÏÐÒÏ×ÏÖÄÁÅÔÓÑ Paul Vixie ÄÌÑ Internet Software Consortium. Named
×ËÌÀÞÅÎ × ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Ï ÄÉÓÔÒÉÂÕÔÉ×Ï× Linux, É ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ËÁË
/usr/sbin/named. åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÅÓÔØ named, ÔÏ ×Ù ×ÅÒÏÑÔÎÏ ÓÍÏÖÅÔÅ
ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÅÇÏ; åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÅÇÏ ÎÅÔ, ÔÏ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÉÓÐÏÌÎÑÅÍÙÅ
ÆÁÊÌÙ Ó ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÙÈ ftp ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏ× Linux, ÉÌÉ ×ÚÑÔØ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÀÀ É ÎÁÉÌÕÞÛÕÀ ×ÅÒÓÉÀ
ÉÓÈÏÄÎÙÈ ÔÅËÓÔÏ× Ó
ftp.isc.org:/isc/bind/src/cur/bind-8/. üÔÏÔ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔ ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÔ bind
×ÅÒÓÉÉ 8. óÔÁÒÙÅ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁ, ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÀÝÉÅ bind ×ÅÒÓÉÉ 4, ÅÝÅ
ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙ ÐÏ ÁÄÒÅÓÕ
http://www.math.uio.no/~janl/DNS/, × ÔÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù
ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ bind 4. åÓÌÉ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÁÑ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÁ named ÓÓÙÌÁÅÔÓÑ ÎÁ ÆÁÊÌ
named.conf, ÔÏ Õ ×ÁÓ ÓÔÏÉÔ bind 8, ÅÓÌÉ ÏÎÁ ÓÓÙÌÁÅÔÓÑ ÎÁ
named.boot, ÔÏ Õ ×ÁÓ bind 4. åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎ bind ×ÅÒÓÉÉ 4 É ×Ù
ÏÓÏÓÚÎÁÅÔÅ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏÓÔØ ÓÏÈÒÁÎÅÎÉÑ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ, ÔÏ ×Ù ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÏ
ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÏÂÎÏ×ÉÔØ ×ÁÛÕ ×ÅÒÓÉÀ ÄÏ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ 8.
DNS Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÂÁÚÏÊ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ×Ï ×ÓÅÍÉÒÎÏÊ ÓÅÔÉ. ðÏÜÔÏÍÕ ÚÁÂÏÔØÔÅÓØ Ï ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÐÏÍÅÝÁÅÔÅ × ÎÅÅ. åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÂÕÄÅÔÅ ÐÏÍÅÝÁÔØ × ÎÅÅ ×ÓÑËÉÊ ÈÌÁÍ, ÔÏ É ×Ù É ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÌÀÄÉ ÔÁËÖÅ ÐÏÌÕÞÁÔ ×ÓÑËÉÊ ÈÌÁÍ. èÒÁÎÉÔÅ ×ÁÛÕ ÂÁÚÕ DNS × ÁËËÕÒÁÔÎÏÓÔÉ É ×Ù ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔÅ ÈÏÒÏÛÅÅ ÏÂÓÌÕÖÉ×ÁÎÉÅ Ó ÅÅ ÓÔÏÒÏÎÙ. õÞÉÔÅÓØ ËÁË ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÅÅ, ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ É ÏÔÌÁÖÉ×ÁÔØ, É ×Ù ÂÕÄÅÔÅ ÅÝÅ ÏÄÎÉÍ ÈÏÒÏÛÉÍ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÏÍ, ÈÒÁÎÑÝÉÍ ÓÅÔØ ÏÔ ÓÂÏÅ× × ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÅ ÎÅÕÍÅÌÏÇÏ ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ.
÷ ÜÔÏÍ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÅ Ñ ËÏÎÓÔÁÔÉÒÕÀ ÎÁÂÏÒ ×ÅÝÅÊ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ × ÓÁÍÏÍ ÄÅÌÅ ÎÅ Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÐÏÌÎÏÓÔØÀ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÙÍÉ (ÏÎÉ Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÐÏ ËÒÁÊÎÅÊ ÍÅÒÅ ÎÁÐÏÌÏ×ÉÎÕ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÙÍÉ). ÷ÓÅ ÜÔÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÎÏ × ÃÅÌÑÈ ÕÐÒÏÝÅÎÉÑ. üÔÉ ×ÅÝÉ (×ÅÒÏÑÔÎÏ ;-) ÂÕÄÕÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù ÐÏ×ÅÒÉÔÅ, ÔÏÍÕ ÞÔÏ Ñ ÓËÁÖÕ.
óÏ×ÅÔ: óÄÅÌÁÊÔÅ ÒÅÚÅÒ×ÎÙÅ ËÏÐÉÉ ×ÓÅÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ×, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ Ñ ÂÕÄÕ ÓÏ×ÅÔÏ×ÁÔØ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔØ, ÅÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÏÎÉ ÕÖÅ ÅÓÔØ, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ÅÓÌÉ ÎÉÞÅÇÏ ÎÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ, ÔÏ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ×ÅÒÎÕÔØÓÑ ÎÁÚÁÄ Ë ÒÁÂÏÞÅÊ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ.
üÔÏ ÐÅÒ×ÙÊ ÛÁÇ × ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÅ DNS, ÏÞÅÎØ ÐÏÌÅÚÎÙÊ ÄÌÑ dialup ÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÅÊ
ëÅÛÉÒÕÀÝÉÊ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÎÁÊÄÅÔ ÏÔ×ÅÔ ÎÁ ÚÁÐÒÏÓ Ï ÉÍÅÎÉ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ É ÚÁÐÏÍÎÉÔ ÅÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÏÔ×ÅÔÉÔØ, ËÏÇÄÁ ×Ù ÚÁÐÒÏÓÉÔÅ ÜÔÕ ÖÅ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ × ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÊ ÒÁÚ. üÔÏ ÚÎÁÞÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÕÍÅÎØÛÉÔ ×ÒÅÍÑ ÏÖÉÄÁÎÉÑ ÏÔ×ÅÔÁ ÐÒÉ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÍ ÚÁÐÒÏÓÅ, ÏÓÏÂÅÎÎÏ ÅÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÍÅÄÌÅÎÎÏÅ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÅ.
äÄÑ ÎÁÞÁÌÁ ×ÁÍ ÎÕÖÅÎ ÆÁÊÌ, ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÎÙÊ /etc/named.conf. éÚ ÎÅÇÏ
named ÞÉÔÁÅÔ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ ÐÒÉ ÓÔÁÒÔÅ. óÅÊÞÁÓ ÏÎ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÔØ
ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ ÓÔÒÏËÉ:
// æÁÊÌ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÅË ÄÌÑ ÔÏÌØËÏ ËÅÛÉÒÕÀÝÅÇÏ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ
options {
directory "/var/named";
// òÁÓËÏÍÍÅÎÔÉÒÕÊÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÕÀ ÓÔÒÏËÕ, ÅÓÌÉ ×Ù
// ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔÅ ÞÅÒÅÚ firewall É ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÎÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ:
// query-source address * port 53;
};
zone "." {
type hint;
file "root.hints";
};
zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" {
type master;
file "pz/127.0.0";
};
óÔÒÏËÁ `directory' ÚÁÄÁÅÔ ÇÄÅ ÉÓËÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌÙ. ÷ÓÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÅ
×ÐÏÓÌÅÄÓÔ×ÉÉ, ÂÕÄÕÔ ÉÍÅÎÏ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÏÔÎÏÓÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÜÔÏÊ ÄÉÒÅËÔÏÒÉÉ. ôÁËÉÍ ÏÂÒÁÚÏÍ
pz -- ÜÔÏ ÄÉÒÅËÔÏÒÉÑ × ÄÉÒÅËÔÏÒÉÉ /var/named, Ô.Å.,
/var/named/pz. /var/named -- ÜÔÏ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÁÑ ÄÉÒÅËÔÏÒÉÑ
ÓÏÇÌÁÓÎÏ Linux File system Standard (óÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÕ ÆÁÊÌÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ Linux).
æÁÊÌ ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÎÙÊ /var/named/root.hints ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ ×
ÕËÁÚÁÎÎÏÊ ÄÉÒÅËÔÏÒÉÉ. ïÎ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÔØ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÕÀ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ:
. 6D IN NS G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS J.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS L.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS M.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 192.112.36.4 J.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 198.41.0.10 K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 193.0.14.129 L.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 198.32.64.12 M.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 202.12.27.33 A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 198.41.0.4 H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 128.63.2.53 B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 128.9.0.107 C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 192.33.4.12 D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 128.8.10.90 E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 192.203.230.10 I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 192.36.148.17 F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 192.5.5.241
üÔÏÔ ÆÁÊÌ ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÔ ÉÍÅÎÁ ËÏÒÎÅ×ÙÈ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏ× ÉÍÅÎ ÐÏ ×ÓÅÍÕ ÍÉÒÕ. éÈ
ÓÐÉÓÏË ÉÚÍÅÎÑÅÔÓÑ ×ÒÅÍÑ ÏÔ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ É ÜÔÁ ÞÁÓÔØ × ÄÁÌØÎÅÊÛÅÍ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ
ÓÏÐÒÏ×ÏÖÄÁÔØÓÑ. óÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ
ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÐÏ ÓÏÐÒÏ×ÏÖÄÅÎÉÀ
ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÕÚÎÁÔØ ËÁË ÈÒÁÎÉÔØ ÜÔÕ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓ×ÕÀÝÅÊ
ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔÉ.
óÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ × named.conf -- ÜÔÏ ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÑÑ ÚÏÎÁ. ñ
ÏÂßÑÓÎÀ ËÁË ÏÎÁ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ × ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÈ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁÈ, ÓÅÊÞÁÓ ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÓÏÚÄÁÊÔÅ
ÆÁÊÌ, ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÎÙÊ 127.0.0 × ÐÏÄÄÉÒÅËÔÏÒÉÉ pz:
@ IN SOA ns.linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
1 ; Serial
8H ; Refresh
2H ; Retry
1W ; Expire
1D) ; Minimum TTL
NS ns.linux.bogus.
1 PTR localhost.
äÁÌÅÅ ×ÁÍ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ×ÁÛ ÆÁÊÌ /etc/resolv.conf ×ÙÇÌÑÄÅÌ
ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ ÔÁË:
search subdomain.your-domain.edu your-domain.edu nameserver 127.0.0.1
óÔÒÏËÁ `search' ÚÁÄÁÅÔ × ËÁËÉÈ ÄÏÍÅÎÁÈ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÉÄÔÉ ÐÏÉÓË ÍÁÛÉÎ Ó
ËÏËÔÏÒÙÍÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÉÔØÓÑ. óÔÒÏËÁ `nameserver' ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ÁÄÒÅÓ
×ÁÛÅÇÏ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ÉÍÅÎ, × ÎÁÛÅÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÜÔÏ ×ÁÛÁ ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÁÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ, ÐÏÓËÏÌØËÕ
ÎÁ ÎÅÊ ÚÁÐÕÝÅÎ named (127.0.0.1 ÜÔÏ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÙÊ ÁÄÒÅÓ, ÔÁËÖÅ ÎÉËÁËÉÈ
ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍ, ÅÓÌÉ ×ÁÛÁ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ÁÄÒÅÓ). åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÉÔÅ
ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏ× ÉÍÅÎ, ÔÏ ÐÏÍÅÓÔÉÔÅ ÉÈ ÐÏ ÏÄÎÏÍÕ × ÓÔÒÏËÕ ÓÏ ÓÌÏ×ÏÍ
`nameserver' ÄÌÑ ËÁÖÄÏÇÏ. (úÁÍÅÞÁÎÉÅ: Named ÎÉËÏÇÄÁ ÎÅ ÞÉÔÁÅÔ ÜÔÏÔ
ÆÁÊÌ, ÜÔÏ ÄÅÌÁÅÔ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ resolver, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔ named).
ðÒÏÉÌÌÀÓÔÒÉÒÕÅÍ ËÁË ÜÔÏ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ: åÓÌÉ ËÌÉÅÎÔ ÐÙÔÁÅÔÓÑ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÍÁÛÉÎÕ Ó
ÉÍÅÎÅÍ foo, ÔÏ ÓÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁ ÐÙÔÁÅÔÓÑ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÍÁÛÉÎÕ Ó ÐÏÌÎÙÍ
ÉÍÅÎÅÍ foo.subdomain.your-domain.edu, ÚÁÔÅÍ Ó ÉÍÅÎÅÍ
foo.your-fomain.edu, É × ËÏÎÃÅ ËÏÎÃÏ× foo. åÓÌÉ ËÌÉÅÎÔ
ÐÙÔÁÅÔÓÑ ÎÁÊÔÉ sunsite.unc.edu, ÔÏ ÓÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÐÒÏÂÕÅÔÓÑ
sunsite.unc.edu.subdomain.your-domain.edu (ÄÁ ÜÔÏ ÇÌÕÐÏ, ÎÏ ×ÏÔ
ÔÁË ÜÔÏ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ), ÚÁÔÅÍ sunsite.unc.edu.your-domain.edu, É ×
ËÏÎÃÅ ËÏÎÃÏ× sunsite.unc.edu. ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÎÅ ÐÏÍÅÝÁÔØ ÓÌÉÛËÏÍ ÍÎÏÇÏ
ÄÏÍÅÎÏ× × ÓÔÒÏËÕ ÐÏÉÓËÁ, ÐÏÓËÏÌØËÕ ÐÏÉÓË × ÎÉÈ ÚÁÊÍÅÔ ÓÌÉÛËÏÍ ÍÎÏÇÏ
×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ.
ðÒÉÍÅÒ ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÁÇÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÅÓØ × ÄÏÍÅÎÅ
subdomain.your-domain.edu, É ×ÁÛÁ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ ×ÅÒÏÑÔÎÏ ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ
your-machine.subdomain.your-domain.edu. óÔÒÏËÁ ÐÏÉÓËÁ ÎÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ
ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÔØ ×ÁÛ TLD (Top Level Domain (äÏÍÅÎ ÷ÅÒÈÎÅÇÏ õÒÏ×ÎÑ), `edu' ×
ÎÁÛÅÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ). åÓÌÉ ×ÁÍ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÞÁÓÔÏ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÑÔØÓÑ Ó ÍÁÛÉÎÏÊ × ÄÒÕÇÏÍ
ÄÏÍÅÎÅ, ÔÏ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ ÜÔÏÔ ÄÏÍÅÎ × ÓÔÒÏËÕ ÐÏÉÓËÁ, ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ ×ÏÔ ÔÁË:
search subdomain.your-domain.edu your-domain.edu other-domain.com
äÁÌÅÅ × ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÏÔ ×ÁÛÅÊ ×ÅÒÓÉÉ libc ×ÁÍ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ×ÎÏÓÉÔØ
ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÌÉÂÏ × ÆÁÊÌ /etc/nsswitch.conf, ÌÉÂÏ × ÆÁÊÌ
/etc/host.conf. åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÕÖÅ ÅÓÔØ ÆÁÊÌ nsswitch.conf, ÔÏ
ÚÎÁÞÉÔ ÍÙ ÂÕÄÅÍ ×ÎÏÓÉÔØ ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ × ÎÅÇÏ, ÅÓÌÉ ÖÅ ÅÇÏ ÎÅÔ, ÔÏ ÍÙ ÂÕÄÅÍ
×ÎÏÓÉÔØ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ × ÆÁÊÌ host.conf.
/etc/nsswitch.conf
üÔÏ ÄÌÉÎÎÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÀÝÉÊ ËÁË ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÒÁÚÎÙÅ ÔÉÐÙ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ, ÉÚ ËÁËÏÇÏ
ÆÁÊÌÁ ÉÌÉ ÂÁÚÙ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ. ÷ ÎÁÞÁÌÅ ÏÎ ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÐÏÌÅÚÎÙÅ ËÏÍÍÅÎÔÁÒÉÉ,
ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÕÞÅÓÔØ ÐÒÉ ÞÔÅÎÉÉ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÆÁÊÌÁ. ðÏÓÌÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË ×Ù ÎÁÊÄÅÔÅ
ÓÔÒÏËÕ ÎÁÞÉÎÁÀÝÕÀÓÑ Ó `hosts:', ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ Õ×ÉÄÅÔØ:
hosts: files dns
hosts:', ÔÏ ÐÏÍÅÓÔÉÔÅ
×ÙÛÅÐÒÉ×ÅÄÅÎÎÕÀ ÓÔÒÏËÕ × ÆÁÊÌ. üÔÁ ÓÔÒÏËÁ ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÁÍ ÓÎÁÞÁÌÁ
×ÙÐÏÌÎÑÔØ ÐÏÉÓË × ÆÁÊÌÅ /etc/hosts, Á ÚÁÔÅÍ ÐÒÏÓÍÁÔÒÉ×ÁÔØ DNS ×
ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÉÉ Ó ÐÏÒÑÄËÏÍ ÕËÁÚÁÎÏÍ × ÆÁÊÌÅ resolv.conf.
/etc/host.conf
üÔÏÔ ÆÁÊÌ ×ÅÒÏÑÔÎÏ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÒÁÚÎÙÅ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ, ÏÄÎÁ ÉÚ ÓÔÒÏË ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÎÁÞÉÎÁÔØÓÑ
ÓÏ ÓÌÏ×Á order É ×ÙÇÌÑÄÅÔØ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ ÔÁË:
order hosts,bind
åÓÌÉ ÓÔÒÏËÉ Ó `order' ÎÅÔ, ÔÏ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÅÅ ×ÓÔÁ×ÉÔØ. ïÎÁ ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔ
ÐÏÄÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÕ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÉÑ ÉÍÅÎ ÓÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÅÔØ × ÆÁÊÌÅ
/etc/hosts, Á ÚÁÔÅÍ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÚÁÐÒÏÓ Ë ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÕ ÉÍÅÎ (ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ×
resolv.conf ÕËÁÚÁÎ ËÁË ÍÁÛÉÎÁ Ó ÁÄÒÅÓÏÍ 127.0.0.1). üÔÉ Ä×Á ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÉÈ
ÆÁÊÌÁ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÙ × ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ (8) ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ (×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ `man
8 resolv') × ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Å ÄÉÓÔÒÉÂÕÔÉ×Ï× Linux. ðÏ ÍÏÅÍÕ ÍÎÅÎÉÀ ÜÔÏ ×ÐÏÌÎÅ
ÞÉÔÁÅÍÁÑ ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÁÑ ÓÔÒÁÎÉÃÁ, É ËÁÖÄÙÊ ÞÅÌÏ×ÅË, ÏÓÏÂÅÎÎÏ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÙ
DNS, ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÐÒÏÞÉÔÁÔØ ÅÅ ÈÏÔÑ ÂÙ ÒÁÚ. óÄÅÌÁÊÔÅ ÜÔÏ ÓÅÊÞÁÓ! åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÓËÁÖÅÔÅ
ÓÅÂÅ "Ñ ÓÄÅÌÁÀ ÜÔÏ ÐÏÚÖÅ", ÔÏ ×Ù ÎÉËÏÇÄÁ ÜÔÏ ÎÅ ÓÄÅÌÁÅÔÅ.
ðÏÓÌÅ ÜÔÉÈ ÐÒÉÇÏÔÏ×ÌÅÎÉÊ ÐÒÉÛÌÏ ×ÒÅÍÑ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁ named. åÓÌÉ ×Ù
ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÅ dialup ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÅ, ÔÏ ÓÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÅÄÉÔÅ ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅ. îÁÂÅÒÉÔÅ
`ndc start' ÂÅÚ ÏÐÃÉÊ, É ÎÁÖÍÉÔÅ ËÌÁ×ÉÛÕ return. åÓÌÉ ÎÉËÁËÏÇÏ
ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÁ ÎÅÔ, ÔÏ ÐÏÐÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÕÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ `/usr/sbin/ndc start'.
åÓÌÉ ÏÐÑÔØ ÐÏÐÙÔËÁ ÎÅ ÕÄÁÌÁÓØ, ÔÏ ÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ
÷ÏÐÒÏÓÙ É ÏÔ×ÅÔÙ. ôÅÐÅÒØ ÍÙ ÍÏÖÅÍ ÐÒÏÔÅÓÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÎÁÛÕ
ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÕ. åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ × ÆÁÊÌ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÊ syslog (ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÎÙÊ
/var/adm/messages, ÎÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÄÒÕÇÁÑ ÄÉÒÅËÔÏÒÉÑ
/var/log É ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ÆÁÊÌ syslog × ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ
ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÅÔØ) ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁ named (×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔÅ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ tail -f
/var/log/messages), ÔÏ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ Õ×ÉÄÅÔØ ÞÔÏ-ÔÏ ÐÏÄÏÂÎÏÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÍÕ:
(ÓÔÒÏËÉ ÚÁËÁÎÞÉ×ÁÀÝÉÅÓÑ ÎÁ \ ÐÒÏÄÏÌÖÁÀÔÓÑ ÎÁ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÊ ÓÔÒÏËÅ)
Feb 15 01:26:17 roke named[6091]: starting. named 8.1.1 Sat Feb 14 \
00:18:20 MET 1998 ^Ijanl@roke.uio.no:/var/tmp/bind-8.1.1/src/bin/named
Feb 15 01:26:17 roke named[6091]: cache zone "" (IN) loaded (serial 0)
Feb 15 01:26:17 roke named[6091]: master zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" \
(IN) loaded (serial 1)
Feb 15 01:26:17 roke named[6091]: listening [127.0.0.1].53 (lo)
Feb 15 01:26:17 roke named[6091]: listening [129.240.230.92].53 (ippp0)
Feb 15 01:26:17 roke named[6091]: Forwarding source address is [0.0.0.0].1040
Feb 15 01:26:17 roke named[6092]: Ready to answer queries.
åÓÌÉ ÅÓÔØ ËÁËÉÅ-ÎÉÂÕÄØ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÑ Ï ÏÛÉÂËÁÈ, ÔÏ ÚÎÁÞÉÔ ×Ù ÞÔÏ-ÔÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÌÉ ÎÅÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏ. Named ÕËÁÖÅÔ × ËÁËÏÍ ÆÁÊÌÅ ÏÛÉÂËÁ (Ñ ÎÁÄÅÀÓØ, ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏ ÏÄÉÎ ÉÚ ÆÁÊÌÏ× named.conf É root.hints :-). úÁ×ÅÒÛÉÔÅ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÅ named É ÐÒÏ×ÅÒØÔÅ ÆÁÊÌÙ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ.
ôÅÐÅÒØ ÐÏÒÁ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ nslookup É ÐÒÏ×ÅÒÉÔØ ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÙ ×ÁÛÅÊ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ.
$ nslookup
Default Server: localhost
Address: 127.0.0.1
>
åÓÌÉ ÜÔÏ ×ÙÇÌÑÄÉÔ ÔÁË, ÔÏ ÚÎÁÞÉÔ ×Ù ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÉÌÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ. íÙ ÔÁË
ÎÁÄÅÅÍÓÑ. åÓÌÉ ÞÔÏ-ÔÏ ÄÒÕÇÏÅ, ÔÏ ×ÅÒÎÉÔÅÓØ ÎÁÚÁÄ É ×ÓÅ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒØÔÅ. ëÁÖÄÙÊ
ÒÁÚ ËÏÇÄÁ ×Ù ÉÚÍÅÎÑÅÔÅ ÆÁÊÌ named.conf, ×ÁÍ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ
named, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ ndc restart.
ôÅÐÅÒØ ÍÙ ÍÏÖÅÍ ××ÅÓÔÉ ÚÁÐÒÏÓ ÎÁ ÐÏÉÓË ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ. ðÏÐÒÏÂÕÊÔÅ ÎÁÊÔÉ
ÍÁÛÉÎÕ ÂÌÉÚËÕÀ Ë ×ÁÍ. pat.uio.no ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÂÌÉÚËÏ ÏÔ ÍÅÎÑ, ×
õÎÉ×ÅÒÓÉÔÅÔÅ ïÓÌÏ:
> pat.uio.no
Server: localhost
Address: 127.0.0.1
Name: pat.uio.no
Address: 129.240.130.16
óÅÊÞÁÓ nslookup ÐÏÐÒÏÓÉÔ ×ÁÛ named ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÅÔØ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ Ï ÍÁÛÉÎÅ
pat.uio.no. úÁÔÅÍ ÏÎ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÉÔÓÑ Ó ÏÄÎÉÍ ÉÚ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏ× ÉÍÅÎ,
ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÈ × ×ÁÛÅÍ ÆÁÊÌÅ root.hints, É ÚÁÐÒÏÓÉÔ Õ ÎÅÇÏ ÐÕÔØ Ë
ÄÁÎÎÏÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÅ. üÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÚÁÎÑÔØ ËÁËÏÅ-ÔÏ ×ÒÅÍÑ, ÄÏ ÔÏÇÏ ËÁË ×Ù ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔÅ
ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÙ, ÐÏÓËÏÌØËÕ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÓÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÉÝÅÔ ÚÁÄÁÎÎÕÀ ÍÁÛÉÎÕ ×Ï ×ÓÅÈ ÄÏÍÅÎÁÈ
ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÈ × ×ÁÛÅÍ ÆÁÊÌÅ /etc/resolv.conf.
åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÚÁÐÒÏÓÉÔÅ ÔÏ ÖÅ ÓÁÍÏÅ, ÔÏ ×Ù ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔÅ ÔÁËÏÊ ÏÔ×ÅÔ:
> pat.uio.no
Server: localhost
Address: 127.0.0.1
Non-authoritative answer:
Name: pat.uio.no
Address: 129.240.2.50
úÁÍÅÔÉÍ, ÞÔÏ ÍÙ × ÜÔÏ ÒÁÚ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÌÉ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ `Non-authoritative
answer:'. üÔÏ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ named × ÜÔÏÔ ÒÁÚ ÎÅ ÄÅÌÁÌ ÚÁÐÒÏÓ Ë ×ÎÅÛÎÉÍ
ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁÍ ÉÍÅÎ, Á ×ÍÅÓÔÏ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÅÌ ÐÏÉÓË × Ó×ÏÅÍ ËÅÛÅ É ÎÁÛÅÌ ÔÁÍ
ÏÔ×ÅÔ. îÏ ËÅÛÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÁÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÕÓÔÁÒÅ×ÛÅÊ. ôÁË ÞÔÏ ÏÎ ×ÁÓ
ÉÎÆÏÒÍÉÒÕÀÔ Ï ÜÔÏÊ (×ÅÓØÍÁ ÎÅÚÎÁÞÉÔÅÌØÎÏÊ) ÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅÍ
`Non-authorative answer:'. nslookup ×ÙÄÁÅÔ ÜÔÏ ÓÏÏÂÝÅÎÉÅ, ËÏÇÄÁ
×Ù ×ÔÏÒÏÊ ÒÁÚ ÚÁÐÒÁÛÉ×ÁÅÔÅ Ï ÏÄÎÏÊ É ÔÏÊ ÖÅ ÍÁÛÉÎÅ -- ÜÔÏ ÚÎÁË ÔÏÇÏ,
ÞÔÏ named ËÅÛÉÒÕÅÔ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ É ÜÔÏ ÚÎÁÞÉÔ, ÞÔÏ ÏÎ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏ. ÷Ù
ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÉÔØ ÒÁÂÏÔÕ nslookup ÄÁ× ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ `exit'.
ôÅÐÅÒØ ×Ù ÚÎÁÅÔÅ ËÁË ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ ËÅÛÉÒÕÀÝÉÊ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÉÍÅÎ. ÷ÏÚØÍÉÔÅ ÐÉ×Á, ÍÏÌÏËÁ ÉÌÉ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÐÒÅÄÐÏÞÉÔÁÅÔÅ É ÏÔÐÒÁÚÄÎÕÊÔÅ ÜÔÏ.
ëÁË ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔØ Ó×ÏÊ ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÊ ÄÏÍÅÎ
äÏ ÔÏÇÏ ËÁË ÍÙ × ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔÉ ÎÁÞÎÅÍ ÜÔÏÔ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ, Ñ ÈÏÞÕ
ÄÁÔØ ×ÁÍ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÔÅÏÒÅÔÉÞÅÓËÉÅ Ó×ÅÄÅÎÉÑ Ï ÔÏÍ ËÁË ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ DNS. é ×Ù
ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÞÉÔÁÔØ ÄÁÌØÛÅ, ÐÏÔÏÍÕ ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏ ÐÏÌÅÚÎÏ ÄÌÑ ×ÁÓ. åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÎÅ `ÈÏÔÉÔÅ'
ÄÅÌÁÔØ ÜÔÏ, ÔÏ ×Ù ÐÏ ËÒÁÊÎÅÊ ÍÅÒÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÂÙÓÔÒÏ ÐÒÏÓÍÏÔÒÅÔØ
ÅÇÏ. ïÓÔÁÎÏ×ÉÔÅÓØ, ËÏÇÄÁ ×Ù Õ×ÉÄÉÔÅ ÕËÁÚÁÎÉÑ Ï ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÄÅÌÁÔØ Ó
×ÁÛÉÍ ÆÁÊÌÏÍ named.conf.
DNS -- ÜÔÏ ÉÅÒÁÒÈÉÞÅÓËÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ. ÷ÅÒÛÉÎÁ ÚÁÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ËÁË `.'
É ÐÒÏÉÚÎÏÓÉÔÓÑ ËÁË `root (ËÏÒÅÎØ)'. ÷ . ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÏÅ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï
äÏÍÅÎÏ× ×ÅÒÈÎÅÇÏ ÕÒÏ×ÎÑ (Top Level Domains, TLDs), ÎÁÉÂÏÌÅÅ ÉÚ×ÅÓÔÎÙÍÉ ÉÚ
ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ORG, COM, EDU É NET, ÎÏ ÎÁ ÓÁÍÏÍ ÄÅÌÅ ÉÈ ÎÁÍÎÏÇÏ ÂÏÌØÛÅ.
ðÒÉ ÐÏÉÓËÅ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ, ÚÁÐÒÏÓ ÏÂÒÁÂÁÔÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ÒÅËÕÒÓÉ×ÎÏ, ÎÁÞÉÎÁÑ Ó
ËÏÒÎÑ. åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÁÄÒÅÓ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ prep.ai.mit.edu, ÔÏ ×ÁÛ
ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÉÍÅÎ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÉÍÅÎ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÏÂÓÌÕÖÉ×ÁÅÔ edu. ïÎ
ÚÁÐÒÁÛÉ×ÁÅÔ ËÏÒÎÅ×ÏÊ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ (.) (ÏÎ ÕÖÅ ÚÎÁÅÔ ËÏÒÎÅ×ÙÅ .
ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ -- ÏÎÉ ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÙ × ÆÁÊÌÅ root.hints), ËÏÒÎÅ×ÏÊ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ
. ÄÁÅÔ ÓÐÉÓÏË ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏ× edu:
$ nslookup
Default Server: localhost
Address: 127.0.0.1
> server c.root-servers.net.
Default Server: c.root-servers.net
Address: 192.33.4.12
> set q=ns
> edu.
. ÏÞÅÎØ ×ÁÖÎÁ, ÏÎÁ ÓÏÏÂÝÁÅÔ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÕ, ÞÔÏ ÍÙ
ÚÁÐÒÁÛÉ×ÁÅÍ Ï edu ÎÁÈÏÄÑÝÅÍÓÑ ÐÒÑÍÏ ÐÏÄ ËÏÒÎÅ×ÙÍ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏÍ . (ÜÔÏ
ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÉ×ÁÅÔ ÐÏÉÓË).
edu nameserver = A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
edu nameserver = H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
edu nameserver = B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
edu nameserver = C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
edu nameserver = D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
edu nameserver = E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
edu nameserver = I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
edu nameserver = F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
edu nameserver = G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET
A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 198.41.0.4
H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 128.63.2.53
B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 128.9.0.107
C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 192.33.4.12
D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 128.8.10.90
E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 192.203.230.10
I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 192.36.148.17
F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 192.5.5.241
G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET internet address = 192.112.36.4
üÔÏ ÄÁÅÔ ÎÁÍ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ Ï ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ *.root-servers.net ÏÂÓÌÕÖÉ×ÁÀÔ
edu., ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ÍÙ ÍÏÖÅÍ ÐÒÏÄÏÌÖÁÔØ ÏÐÒÁÛÉ×ÁÔØ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ c. ôÅÐÅÒØ ÍÙ
ÈÏÔÉÍ ÚÎÁÔØ ËÔÏ ÏÂÓÌÕÖÉ×ÁÅÔ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÊ ÕÒÏ×ÅÎØ ÉÍÅÎÉ ÄÏÍÅÎÁ: mit.edu.:
> mit.edu.
Server: c.root-servers.net
Address: 192.33.4.12
Non-authoritative answer:
mit.edu nameserver = W20NS.mit.edu
mit.edu nameserver = BITSY.mit.edu
mit.edu nameserver = STRAWB.mit.edu
Authoritative answers can be found from:
W20NS.mit.edu internet address = 18.70.0.160
BITSY.mit.edu internet address = 18.72.0.3
STRAWB.mit.edu internet address = 18.71.0.151
steawb, w20ns É bitsy ÏÂÓÌÕÖÉ×ÁÀÔ mit, ×ÙÂÅÒÉÔÅ
ÏÄÉÎ ÉÚ ÎÉÈ É ÚÁÐÒÏÓÉÔÅ Õ ÎÅÇÏ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ Ï ai.mit.edu:
> server W20NS.mit.edu.
Server: W20NS.mit.edu
Address: 18.70.0.160
> ai.mit.edu.
Server: W20NS.mit.edu
Address: 18.70.0.160
Non-authoritative answer:
ai.mit.edu nameserver = ALPHA-BITS.AI.MIT.EDU
ai.mit.edu nameserver = GRAPE-NUTS.AI.MIT.EDU
ai.mit.edu nameserver = TRIX.AI.MIT.EDU
ai.mit.edu nameserver = MUESLI.AI.MIT.EDU
ai.mit.edu nameserver = LIFE.AI.MIT.EDU
ai.mit.edu nameserver = BEET-CHEX.AI.MIT.EDU
ai.mit.edu nameserver = MINI-WHEATS.AI.MIT.EDU
ai.mit.edu nameserver = COUNT-CHOCULA.AI.MIT.EDU
ai.mit.edu nameserver = MINTAKA.LCS.MIT.EDU
Authoritative answers can be found from:
AI.MIT.EDU nameserver = ALPHA-BITS.AI.MIT.EDU
AI.MIT.EDU nameserver = GRAPE-NUTS.AI.MIT.EDU
AI.MIT.EDU nameserver = TRIX.AI.MIT.EDU
AI.MIT.EDU nameserver = MUESLI.AI.MIT.EDU
AI.MIT.EDU nameserver = LIFE.AI.MIT.EDU
AI.MIT.EDU nameserver = BEET-CHEX.AI.MIT.EDU
AI.MIT.EDU nameserver = MINI-WHEATS.AI.MIT.EDU
AI.MIT.EDU nameserver = COUNT-CHOCULA.AI.MIT.EDU
AI.MIT.EDU nameserver = MINTAKA.LCS.MIT.EDU
ALPHA-BITS.AI.MIT.EDU internet address = 128.52.32.5
GRAPE-NUTS.AI.MIT.EDU internet address = 128.52.36.4
TRIX.AI.MIT.EDU internet address = 128.52.37.6
MUESLI.AI.MIT.EDU internet address = 128.52.39.7
LIFE.AI.MIT.EDU internet address = 128.52.32.80
BEET-CHEX.AI.MIT.EDU internet address = 128.52.32.22
MINI-WHEATS.AI.MIT.EDU internet address = 128.52.54.11
COUNT-CHOCULA.AI.MIT.EDU internet address = 128.52.38.22
MINTAKA.LCS.MIT.EDU internet address = 18.26.0.36
ôÁË ÞÔÏ museli.ai.mit.edu Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏÍ ÉÍÅÎ ÄÌÑ
ai.mit.edu:
> server MUESLI.AI.MIT.EDU
Default Server: MUESLI.AI.MIT.EDU
Address: 128.52.39.7
ôÅÐÅÒØ Ñ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÌ ÔÉÐ ÚÁÐÒÏÓÁ, ÐÏÓËÏÌØËÕ ÍÙ ÎÁÛÌÉ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÉÍÅÎ É ÍÏÖÅÍ
ÏÐÒÁÛÉ×ÁÔØ ÅÇÏ ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ ÍÙ ÈÏÔÉÍ ÚÎÁÔØ Ï prep.ai.mit.edu.
> set q=any
> prep.ai.mit.edu.
Server: MUESLI.AI.MIT.EDU
Address: 128.52.39.7
prep.ai.mit.edu CPU = dec/decstation-5000.25 OS = unix
prep.ai.mit.edu
inet address = 18.159.0.42, protocol = tcp
ftp telnet smtp finger
prep.ai.mit.edu preference = 1, mail exchanger = gnu-life.ai.mit.edu
prep.ai.mit.edu internet address = 18.159.0.42
ai.mit.edu nameserver = beet-chex.ai.mit.edu
ai.mit.edu nameserver = alpha-bits.ai.mit.edu
ai.mit.edu nameserver = mini-wheats.ai.mit.edu
ai.mit.edu nameserver = trix.ai.mit.edu
ai.mit.edu nameserver = muesli.ai.mit.edu
ai.mit.edu nameserver = count-chocula.ai.mit.edu
ai.mit.edu nameserver = mintaka.lcs.mit.edu
ai.mit.edu nameserver = life.ai.mit.edu
gnu-life.ai.mit.edu internet address = 128.52.32.60
beet-chex.ai.mit.edu internet address = 128.52.32.22
alpha-bits.ai.mit.edu internet address = 128.52.32.5
mini-wheats.ai.mit.edu internet address = 128.52.54.11
trix.ai.mit.edu internet address = 128.52.37.6
muesli.ai.mit.edu internet address = 128.52.39.7
count-chocula.ai.mit.edu internet address = 128.52.38.22
mintaka.lcs.mit.edu internet address = 18.26.0.36
life.ai.mit.edu internet address = 128.52.32.80
ôÁË ÎÁÞÉÎÁÑ ÏÔ ËÏÒÎÑ ., ÍÙ ÎÁÛÌÉ ÎÕÖÎÙÅ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ÉÍÅÎ ÄÌÑ ËÁÖÄÏÇÏ
ÕÒÏ×ÎÑ, ÕËÁÚÁÎÎÙÈ × ÉÍÅÎÉ ÄÏÍÅÎÁ. åÓÌÉ ÂÙ ×Ù ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÌÉ ×ÁÛ ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÊ
ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ DNS ×ÍÅÓÔÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ×ÓÅÈ ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÈ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏ×, ÔÏ ×ÁÛ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ
ËÏÎÅÞÎÏ ÖÅ ËÅÛÉÒÏ×ÁÌ ÂÙ ×ÓÀ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ, ËÏÔÏÒÕÀ ÏÎ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÌ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ
ÐÒÏÈÏÖÄÅÎÉÑ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÐÕÔÉ, É ÔÏÇÄÁ ÂÙ ÏÎ ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÎÅ ÚÁÐÒÁÛÉ×ÁÌ ÜÔÕ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ
ÐÒÉ ÐÏ×ÔÏÒÎÏÍ ÏÂÒÁÝÅÎÉÉ.
íÅÎÅÅ ÏÂÓÕÖÄÁÅÍÙÍ, ÎÏ ×ÓÅ ÒÁ×ÎÏ ×ÁÖÎÙÍ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÄÏÍÅÎ
in-addr.arpa. ïÎ ÔÁËÖÅ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÉÅÒÁÒÈÉÞÅÓËÕÀ ÓÔÒÕËÔÕÒÕ, ÐÏÄÏÂÎÏ
`ÏÂÙÞÎÙÍ' ÄÏÍÅÎÁÍ. in-addr.arpa ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ÎÁÍ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÉÍÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ, ÐÏ
ÅÅ ÁÄÒÅÓÕ. îÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÚÁÍÅÔÉÔØ, ÔÏ ÞÔÏ ip-ÁÄÒÅÓÁ × ÄÏÍÅÎÅ in-addr.arpa
ÚÁÐÉÓÁÎÙ × ÏÂÒÁÔÎÏÍ ÐÏÒÑÄËÅ. îÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, åÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ÅÓÔØ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ Ó ÁÄÒÅÓÏÍ:
192.128.52.43, ÔÏ named ÏÂÒÁÂÁÔÙ×ÁÅÔ ÅÅ ÔÏÞÎÏ ÔÁËÖÅ ËÁË × ÐÒÉÍÅÒÅ ÄÌÑ
prep.ai.mit.edu: ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ arpa.. îÁÈÏÄÉÔ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ÄÌÑ
ÄÏÍÅÎÁ in-addr.arpa., ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ 192.in-addr.arpa., ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔ
ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ÄÌÑ 128.192.in-addr.arpa., ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ÄÌÑ
52.128.192.in-addr.arpa.. á ÐÏÔÏÍ ÕÖÅ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÙÅ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ Ï
43.52.128.192.in-addr.arpa. ìÏ×ËÏ? (ÓËÁÖÉÔÅ 'ÄÁ'). èÏÔÑ ÏÂÒÁÔÎÙÊ
ÐÏÒÑÄÏË ÍÏÖÅÔ ÓÍÕÝÁÔØ, ÎÏ ÜÔÏ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÐÅÒ×ÙÅ Ä×Á ÇÏÄÁ.
ñ ×ÁÍ ÓÏÌÇÁÌ. DNS ÎÅ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ ÔÏÞÎÏ ÔÁË, ËÁË Ñ ÜÔÏ ÏÐÉÓÁÌ. îÏ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÂÌÉÚËÏ Ë ÏÐÉÓÁÎÎÏÍÕ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÕ.
ôÅÐÅÒØ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÍ ÎÁÛ ÓÏÂÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÊ ÄÏÍÅÎ. íÙ ÂÕÄÅÍ ÄÅÌÁÔØ ÄÏÍÅÎ linux.bogus É ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÍ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ × ÎÅÍ. ñ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀ ÐÏÌÎÏÓÔØÀ ÐÏÄÄÅÌØÎÏÅ ÉÍÑ ÄÏÍÅÎÁ, ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ ÞÔÏÂÙ ÂÙÔØ Õ×ÅÒÅÎÎÙÍ, ÞÔÏ ÍÙ ÎÅ ÐÏÂÅÓÐÏËÏÉÍ ÎÉËÏÇÏ ×Ï ×ÎÅÛÎÅÍ ÍÉÒÅ.
ïÄÎÏ ×ÁÖÎÏÅ ÚÁÍÅÞÁÎÉÅ ÄÏ ÔÏÇÏ ËÁË ÍÙ ÎÁÞÎÅÍ: îÅ ×ÓÅ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÙ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÏ
ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ × ÉÍÅÎÁÈ ÍÁÛÉÎ. íÙ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÉÍÓÑ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÁÍÉ ÁÎÇÌÉÊÓËÏÇÏ ÁÌÆÁ×ÉÔÁ:
a-z, ÃÉÆÒÁÍÉ: 0-9 É ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÏÍ '-' (ÔÉÒÅ). ðÒÉÄÅÒÖÉ×ÁÊÔÅÓØ ÓÉÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÜÔÉÈ
ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÏ×. ðÒÏÐÉÓÎÙÅ É ÓÔÒÏÞÎÙÅ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÙ ÎÅ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÁÀÔÓÑ DNS, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ
pat.uio.no Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÒÁ×ÎÙÍ Pat.UiO.No.
íÙ ÕÖÅ ÎÁÞÁÌÉ ÜÔÕ ÞÁÓÔØ ÓÔÒÏËÏÊ × named.conf:
zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" {
type master;
file "pz/127.0.0";
};
úÁÍÅÔØÔÅ ÏÔÓÕÔÓÔ×ÉÅ `.' × ËÏÎÃÅ ÉÍÅÎ ÄÏÍÅÎÏ× × ÜÔÏÍ ÆÁÊÌÅ. üÔÏ
ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ÍÙ ÓÅÊÞÁÓ ÂÕÄÅÍ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÔØ ÚÏÎÕ 0.0.127.in-addr.arpa,
É ÞÔÏ ÍÙ ÂÕÄÅÍ ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÙÍ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏÍ ÄÌÑ ÎÅÅ, Á ÔÁËÖÅ ÔÏ, ÞÔÏ ÏÎÁ ÈÒÁÎÉÔÓÑ × ÆÁÊÌÅ,
ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÎÏÍ pz/127.0.0. íÙ ÕÖÅ ÓÄÅÌÁÌÉ ÜÔÏÔ ÆÁÊÌ, × ÎÅÍ ÚÁÐÉÓÁÎÏ:
@ IN SOA ns.linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
1 ; Serial
8H ; Refresh
2H ; Retry
1W ; Expire
1D) ; Minimum TTL
NS ns.linux.bogus.
1 PTR localhost.
úÁÍÅÔØÔÅ ÎÁÌÉÞÉÅ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÁ `.' × ËÏÎÃÅ ÐÏÌÎÙÈ ÉÍÅÎ ÄÏÍÅÎÏ× × ÜÔÏÍ
ÆÁÊÌÅ, × ÐÒÏÔÉ×ÏÐÏÌÏÖÎÏÓÔØ ×ÙÛÅÐÒÉ×ÅÄÅÎÎÏÍÕ ÆÁÊÌÕ
named.conf. îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÌÀÄÉ ÌÀÂÑÔ ÎÁÞÉÎÁÔØ ËÁÖÄÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ ÚÏÎ Ó ÄÉÒÅËÔÉ×Ù
$ORIGIN, ÎÏ ÜÔÏ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÉÚÌÉÛÎÉÍ. òÁÓÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ (origin) (ÍÅÓÔÏ
ÚÏÎÙ × ÉÅÒÁÒÈÉÉ DNS) ÆÁÊÌÁ ÚÏÎÙ ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ × ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅ ÚÏÎ × ÆÁÊÌÅ
named.conf, × ÄÁÎÎÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÜÔÏ 0.0.127.in-addr.arpa.
üÔÏÔ `ÆÁÊÌ ÚÏÎÙ' ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ 3 `ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ÒÅÓÕÒÓÏ× (resource records)'
(RRs): A SOA RR, A NS RR É PTR RR. SOA ÜÔÏ
ÓÏËÒÁÝÅÎÉÅ ÄÌÑ îÁÞÁÌÁ ðÏÌÎÏÍÏÞÉÊ (Start Of Authority). óÉÍ×ÏÌ `@' ÜÔÏ
ÓÐÅÃÉÁÌØÎÙÊ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌ ÏÂÏÚÎÁÞÁÀÝÉÊ ÒÁÓÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ, É ÐÏÓËÏÌØËÕ × ËÏÌÏÎËÅ `ÄÏÍÅÎ
(domain)' ÄÌÑ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÆÁÊÌÁ ÚÁÐÉÓÁÎÏ 0.0.127.in-addr.arpa, ÔÏ ÐÅÒ×ÁÑ
ÓÔÒÏËÁ ÎÁ ÓÁÍÏÍ ÄÅÌÅ ÚÎÁÞÉÔ
0.0.127.in-addr.arpa. IN SOA ...
NS ÜÔÏ RR ÄÌÑ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ÉÍÅÎ (Name Server). ÷ ÎÁÞÁÌÅ ÓÔÒÏËÉ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌ '@' ÎÅ ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ, ÜÔÏ ÐÏÄÒÁÚÕÍÅ×ÁÅÔÓÑ, ÐÏÓËÏÌØËÕ ÐÒÅÄÙÄÕÝÁÑ ÓÔÒÏËÁ ÎÁÞÉÎÁÌÁÓØ Ó ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÁ '@'. üÔÏ ÓßÜËÏÎÏÍÉÔ ÎÁÍ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÎÁÖÁÔÉÊ ÎÁ ËÌÁ×ÉÛÉ. ôÁË ÞÔÏ ÓÔÒÏËÁ NS × ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔÉ ÞÉÔÁÅÔÓÑ ËÁË
0.0.127.in-addr.arpa. IN NS ns.linux.bogus
üÔÁ ÓÔÒÏËÁ ÓÏÏÂÝÁÅÔ DNS, ÞÔÏ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏÍ ÉÍÅÎ ÄÏÍÅÎÁ
0.0.127.in-addr.arpa, ÜÔÏ ns.linux.bogus. 'ns' ÔÒÁÄÉÃÉÏÎÎÏÅ ÉÍÑ
ÄÌÑ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏ× ÉÍÅÎ, ÎÏ ËÁË É ÄÌÑ web-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏ×, ÞØÉÍ ÔÒÁÄÉÃÉÏÎÎÙÍ ÉÍÅÎÅÍ
Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ www.ÞÔÏ-ÎÉÂÕÄØ, ÄÁÎÎÏÅ ÉÍÑ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÌÀÂÙÍ.
é × × ÏËÏÎÞÁÎÉÅ - ÚÁÐÉÓØ PTR ÇÌÁÓÉÔ, ÞÔÏ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ Ó ÁÄÒÅÓÏÍ 1 × ÐÏÄÓÅÔÉ
0.0.127.in-addr.arpa, ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, 127.0.0.1 ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ localhost.
úÁÐÉÓØ SOA ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ × ÐÒÅÁÍÂÕÌÅ ËÁÖÄÏÇÏ ÉÚ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÚÏÎ, É ÏÎÁ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ
ÐÅÒ×ÏÊ ÚÁÐÉÓØÀ × ÆÁÊÌÅ. ïÎÁ ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÔ ÚÏÎÕ -- ÏÔËÕÄÁ ÏÎÁ ÐÏÑ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ
(ÍÁÛÉÎÁ, ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÎÁÑ ns.linux.bogus), ËÔÏ ÏÔ×ÅÞÁÅÔ ÚÁ
ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÍÏÅ ÚÏÎÙ (hostmaster@linux.bogus), ËÁËÁÑ ×ÅÒÓÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÁ ÚÏÎÙ
ÔÅËÕÝÁÑ (serial: 1), É ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ×ÅÝÉ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÎÁÄÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÄÌÑ ËÅÛÉÒÕÀÝÉÈ É
×ÔÏÒÉÞÎÙÈ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏ× DNS. äÌÑ ÐÏÌÅÊ refresh, retry, expire É minimum
ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ÞÉÓÌÁ ÐÒÉ×ÅÄÅÎÎÙÅ × ÜÔÏÍ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÅ É ×Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÂÙÔØ ×
ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÏÓÔÉ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÑ ÉÈ.
úÁÔÅÍ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔÅ ×ÁÛ named (ËÏÍÁÎÄÁ ndc restart) É ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ
ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÕ nslookup ÄÌÑ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒËÉ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÎÏ:
$ nslookup
Default Server: localhost
Address: 127.0.0.1
> 127.0.0.1
Server: localhost
Address: 127.0.0.1
Name: localhost
Address: 127.0.0.1
localhost ÉÚ
ÄÏÍÅÎÁ 127.0.0.1, ÜÔÏ ÏÞÅÎØ ÈÏÒÏÛÏ. ôÅÐÅÒØ ÐÒÉÓÔÕÐÉÍ Ë ÎÁÛÅÊ ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÏÊ
ÚÁÄÁÞÅ, ÄÏÍÅÎÕ linux.bogus, ×ÓÔÁ×ÉÍ ÎÏ×ÙÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ '(zone)' × ÆÁÊÌ
named.conf:
zone "linux.bogus" {
notify no;
type master;
file "pz/linux.bogus";
};
úÁÍÅÔÉÍ, ÞÔÏ ÍÙ ÏÐÑÔØ ÎÅ ÎÁÐÉÓÁÌÉ ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÁÀÝÉÊ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌ `.' × ÉÍÅÎÉ
ÄÏÍÅÎÁ × ÆÁÊÌÅ named.conf.
÷ ÆÁÊÌÅ ÚÏÎÙ linux.bogus ÍÙ ÐÏÍÅÓÔÉÍ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÐÏÄÄÅÌØÎÙÅ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ:
;
; æÁÊÌ ÚÏÎÙ ÄÌÑ linux.bogus
;
; ðÏÌÎÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ ÚÏÎÙ
;
@ IN SOA ns.linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
199802151 ; serial, todays date + todays serial #
8H ; refresh, seconds
2H ; retry, seconds
1W ; expire, seconds
1D ) ; minimum, seconds
;
NS ns ; Internet ÁÄÒÅÓ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ÉÍÅÎ
MX 10 mail.linux.bogus ; ïÓÎÏ×ÎÏÊ ÐÏÞÔÏ×ÙÊ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ
MX 20 mail.friend.bogus. ; äÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÙÊ ÐÏÞÔÏ×ÙÊ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ
;
localhost A 127.0.0.1
ns A 192.168.196.2
mail A 192.168.196.4
îÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÕÐÏÍÑÎÕÔØ Ä×Å ×ÅÝÉ Ï ÚÁÐÉÓÉ SOA. ns.linux.bogus ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÂÙÔØ ÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÅÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÏÊ Ó ÚÁÐÉÓØÀ A. îÅ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÁÅÔÓÑ ÕËÁÚÙ×ÁÔØ ÍÁÛÉÎÕ Ó ÚÁÐÉÓØÀ CNAME × ÚÁÐÉÓÉ SOA. üÔÏ ÉÍÑ ÎÅ ÏÂÑÚÁÔÅÌØÎÏ ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÂÙÔØ `ns', ÏÎÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÌÀÂÙÍ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÙÍ ÉÍÅÎÅÍ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ. äÁÌÅÅ, hostmaster.linux.bogus ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÞÉÔÁÔØÓÑ ËÁË hostmaster@linux.bogus, ÜÔÏ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÂÙÔØ ÐÏÞÔÏ×ÙÊ ÐÓÅ×ÄÏÎÉÍ ÉÌÉ ÐÏÞÔÏ×ÙÊ ÑÝÉË ÄÌÑ ÞÅÌÏ×ÅËÁ ÓÏÐÒÏ×ÏÖÄÁÀÝÅÇÏ DNS É ÞÉÔÁÀÝÅÇÏ ÐÏÞÔÕ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÞÁÓÔÏ. ìÀÂÁÑ ÐÏÞÔÁ, ÏÔÎÏÓÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÄÏÍÅÎÁ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÏÓÙÌÁÔØÓÑ ÎÁ ÁÄÒÅÓ ÕËÁÚÁÎÙÊ ÚÄÅÓØ. éÍÑ ÎÅ ÏÂÑÚÁÔÅÌØÎÏ ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÂÙÔ `hostmaster', ÜÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÌÀÂÏÊ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÙÊ ÁÄÒÅÓ ÜÌÅËÔÒÏÎÎÏÊ ÐÏÞÔÙ, ÎÏ ÁÄÒÅÓ Ó ÉÍÅÎÅÍ `hostmaster' ËÁË ÏÖÉÄÁÅÔÓÑ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ.
÷ ÜÔÏÍ ÆÁÊÌÅ ÐÒÉ×ÅÄÅÎ ÅÝÅ ÏÄÉÎ ÎÏ×ÙÊ ÔÉÐ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ Ï ÒÅÓÕÒÓÁÈ (RR) --
MX, ÉÌÉ ÚÁÐÉÓØ ÒÅÓÕÒÓÁ ðÏÞÔÏ×ÙÊ óÅÒ×ÅÒ (Mail eXchanger). ïÎÁ ÓÏÏÂÝÁÅÔ
ÐÏÞÔÏ×ÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÅ ËÕÄÁ ÐÏÓÙÌÁÔØ ÐÏÞÔÕ ÁÄÒÅÓÏ×ÁÎÎÕÀ someone@linux.bogus,
Á ÉÍÅÎÎÏ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁÍ mail.linux.bogus ÉÌÉ mail.friend.bogus. þÉÓÌÏ
ÐÅÒÅÄ ËÁÖÄÙÍ ÉÍÅÎÅÍ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ -- ÜÔÏ ÐÒÉÏÒÉÔÅÔ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ MX RR. úÁÐÉÓØ
ÒÅÓÕÒÓÁ Ó ÎÁÉÍÅÎØÛÉÍ ÎÏÍÅÒÏÍ (10) -- ÜÔÏ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ ËÕÄÁ ÐÏÞÔÁ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ
ÐÏÓÙÌÁÔØÓÑ × ÐÅÒ×ÕÀ ÏÞÅÒÅÄØ. åÓÌÉ ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ ÏÛÉÂËÁ, ÔÏ ÐÏÞÔÁ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ
ÐÏÓÌÁÎÁ ÎÁ ÍÁÛÉÎÕ Ó ÂÏÌØÛÉÍ ÎÏÍÅÒÏÍ, ×ÔÏÒÉÞÎÏÍÕ ÐÏÞÔÏ×ÏÍÕ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÕ,
ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, mail.friend.bogus ÄÌÑ ËÏÔÏÒÏÇÏ ÐÒÉÏÒÉÔÅÔ ÕÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎ
ÒÁ×ÎÙÍ 20.
ðÅÒÅÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔÅ named Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ ndc restart. ðÒÏ×ÅÒØÔÅ
ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÙ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÑ ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ nslookup:
$ nslookup
> set q=any
> linux.bogus
Server: localhost
Address: 127.0.0.1
linux.bogus
origin = ns.linux.bogus
mail addr = hostmaster.linux.bogus
serial = 199802151
refresh = 28800 (8 hours)
retry = 7200 (2 hours)
expire = 604800 (7 days)
minimum ttl = 86400 (1 day)
linux.bogus nameserver = ns.linux.bogus
linux.bogus preference = 10, mail exchanger = mail.linux.bogus.linux.bogus
linux.bogus preference = 20, mail exchanger = mail.friend.bogus
linux.bogus nameserver = ns.linux.bogus
ns.linux.bogus internet address = 192.168.196.2
mail.linux.bogus internet address = 192.168.196.4
ðÒÉ ×ÎÉÍÁÔÅÌØÎÏÍ ÔÅÓÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ×Ù ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉÔÅ ÏÛÉÂËÕ. óÔÒÏËÁ
linux.bogus preference = 10, mail exchanger = mail.linux.bogus.linux.bogus
linux.bogus preference = 10, mail exchanger = mail.linux.bogus
ñ ÓÏÚÎÁÔÅÌØÎÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÌ ÏÛÉÂËÕ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ×Ù ÓÍÏÇÌÉ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔØ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÏÐÙÔ --:-) çÌÑÄÑ × ÆÁÊÌ ÚÏÎÙ ÍÙ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉÍ, ÞÔÏ × ÓÔÒÏËÅ
MX 10 mail.linux.bogus ; ïÓÎÏ×ÎÏÊ ÐÏÞÔÏ×ÙÊ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ
linux.bogus.linux.bogus. ôÁË ÚÁÐÉÓØ
MX 10 mail.linux.bogus. ; ïÓÎÏ×ÎÏÊ ÐÏÞÔÏ×ÙÊ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ
MX 10 mail ; ïÓÎÏ×ÎÏÊ ÐÏÞÔÏ×ÙÊ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ
.' ÉÌÉ ÄÏÍÅÎ ÎÅ
ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÂÙÔØ ÕËÁÚÁÎ, × ÜÔÏÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ ÄÏÍÅÎÏÍ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÔÅËÕÝÅÅ
ÒÁÓÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ (origin) ÍÁÛÉÎÙ.
ñ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÐÏÄÞÅÒËÎÕÔØ, ÞÔÏ × ÆÁÊÌÅ named.conf ÎÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÂÙÔØ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÁ
`.' ÐÏÓÌÅ ÉÍÅÎ ÄÏÍÅÎÏ×. õ ×ÁÓ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÎÅ ÂÙÔØ ÐÏÎÑÔÉÑ ÐÒÏ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌ
`.' -- ÜÔÏ ÓÌÉÛËÏÍ ÞÁÓÔÏ ÉÌÉ ÎÁÏÂÏÒÏÔ ÓÌÉÛËÏÍ ÒÅÄËÏ ÚÁÐÏÌÎÑÅÔ ÒÁÚÎÙÅ
×ÅÝÉ É ÓÍÕÝÁÅÔ ÍÎÏÇÏ ÌÀÄÅÊ.
ôÁË ÞÔÏ ÏÐÉÒÁÑÓØ ÎÁ ÍÏÀ ÔÏÞËÕ ÚÒÅÎÉÑ ÍÙ ÎÁÐÉÛÅÍ ÎÏ×ÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ ÚÏÎÙ, Ó ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÏÊ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÏÊ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÅÊ.
;
; æÁÊÌ ÚÏÎÙ ÄÌÑ linux.bogus
;
; ðÏÌÎÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ ÚÏÎÙ
;
@ IN SOA ns.linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
199802151 ; serial, todays date + todays serial #
8H ; refresh, seconds
2H ; retry, seconds
1W ; expire, seconds
1D ) ; minimum, seconds
;
TXT "Linux.Bogus, your DNS consultants"
NS ns ; Internet ÁÄÒÅÓ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ÉÍÅÎ
NS ns.friend.bogus.
MX 10 mail.linux.bogus ; ïÓÎÏ×ÎÏÊ ÐÏÞÔÏ×ÙÊ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ
MX 20 mail.friend.bogus. ; äÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÙÊ ÐÏÞÔÏ×ÙÊ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ
localhost A 127.0.0.1
gw A 192.168.196.1
HINFO "Cisco" "IOS"
TXT "The router"
ns A 192.168.196.2
MX 10 mail
MX 20 mail.friend.bogus.
HINFO "Pentium" "Linux 2.0"
www CNAME ns
donald A 192.168.196.3
MX 10 mail
MX 20 mail.friend.bogus.
HINFO "i486" "Linux 2.0"
TXT "DEK"
mail A 192.168.196.4
MX 10 mail
MX 20 mail.friend.bogus.
HINFO "386sx" "Linux 1.2"
ftp A 192.168.196.5
MX 10 mail
MX 20 mail.friend.bogus.
HINFO "P6" "Linux 2.1.86"
úÄÅÓØ ÐÒÉÓÕÔÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÎÏ×ÙÈ ÚÁÐÉÓÅÊ Ï ÒÅÓÕÒÓÁÈ (RR): ÚÁÐÉÓØ HINFO (éÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ Ï ÍÁÛÉÎÅ, Host INFOrmation) ÉÍÅÅÔ Ä×Å ÞÁÓÔÉ, ÈÏÒÏÛÅÊ ÐÒÉ×ÙÞËÏÊ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÚÁËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅ ËÁÖÄÏÊ ÉÚ ÜÔÉÈ ÞÁÓÔÅÊ × ËÁ×ÙÞËÉ. ðÅÒ×ÁÑ ÞÁÓÔØ -- ÜÔÏ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ Ï ÏÂÏÒÕÄÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ, Á ×ÔÏÒÁÑ ÞÁÓÔØ ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÔ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÎÏÅ ÏÂÅÓÐÅÞÅÎÉÅ É ÏÐÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÕÀ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÕ ÄÁÎÎÏÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ. íÁÛÉÎÁ, ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÎÁÑ 'ns', ÉÍÅÅÔ ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÏÒ Pentium É ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ ÐÏÄ ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅÍ Linux 2.0. CNAME (ëÁÎÏÎÉÞÅÓËÏÅ ÉÍÑ, Canonical NAME) -- ÜÔÏ ÓÐÏÓÏ ÐÒÉÓ×ÏÉÔØ ËÁÖÄÏÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÅ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÉÍÅÎ. ôÁË, ÞÔÏ www Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÁÌÉÁÓÏÍ ÄÌÑ ns.
éÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ CNAME Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÎÅÍÎÏÇÏ ÎÅÏÄÎÏÚÎÁÞÎÙÍ. îÏ ÂÅÚÏÐÁÓÎÙÍ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÏÍ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔØ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÕ, ÞÔÏ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ MX, CNAME ÉÌÉ SOA ÎÉËÏÇÄÁ ÎÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÓÓÙÌÁÔØÓÑ ÎÁ ÉÍÑ, ÕËÁÚÁÎÎÏÅ ËÁË ÚÁÐÉÓØ CNAME, ÏÎÉ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÓÓÙÌÁÔØÓÑ ÎÁ ÉÍÑ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÎÏÅ ÚÁÐÉÓØÀ A, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÎÅÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏ ÚÁÐÉÓÁÔØ
foobar CNAME www ; NO!
foobar CNAME ns ; Yes!
ôÁËÖÅ ÌÕÞÛÅ ÓÞÉÔÁÔØ, ÞÔÏ ÚÁÐÉÓØ CNAME ÎÅ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÉÍ ÉÍÅÎÅÍ
ÍÁÛÉÎÙ ÄÌÑ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ × ÁÄÒÅÓÅ ÜÌÅËÔÒÏÎÎÏÊ ÐÏÞÔÙ: ÁÄÒÅÓ
webmaster@www.linux.bogus Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÎÅÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÙÍ ÁÄÒÅÓÏÍ ÜÌÅËÔÒÏÎÎÏÊ
ÐÏÞÔÙ. ÷Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÏÖÉÄÁÔØ, ÞÔÏ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÙ ÜÌÅËÔÒÏÎÎÏÊ ÐÏÞÔÙ ×Ï
×ÎÅÛÎÅÍ ÍÉÒÅ ÓÌÅÄÑÔ ÚÁ ÍÏÂÌÀÄÅÎÉÅÍ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÁ, ÄÁÖÅ ÅÓÌÉ Õ ×ÁÓ ×ÓÅ
ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ ÎÏÒÍÁÌØÎÏ. äÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÉÚÂÅÖÁÔØ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ÚÁÐÉÓØ A (É
×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ ÔÁËÖÅ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ, ÔÁËÉÅ ËÁË MX) ×ÍÅÓÔÏ:
www A 192.168.196.2
îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÉÚ ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÞÉËÏ× ÁÒÈÉÔÅËÔÕÒÙ bind (arch-bind-wizards), ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÀÔ ÎÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÚÁÐÉÓØ CNAME. ôÁË, ÞÔÏ ÅÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÎÁÄÏ ÒÁÓÓÍÁÔÒÉ×ÁÔØ ÓÅÒØÅÚÎÏ.
îÏ ËÁË ×Ù ×ÉÄÉÔÅ, ÜÔÏÔ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔ ÔÁËÖÅ ËÁË É ÍÎÏÖÅÓÔ×Ï ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏ× ÎÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÔ ÜÔÏÍÕ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÕ.
úÁÇÒÕÚÉÔÅ ÎÏ×ÕÀ ÂÁÚÕ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉ× ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ ndc reload, ÜÔÏ
ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÉÔ named ÐÅÒÅÞÉÔÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÚÏÎ ÚÁÎÏ×Ï.
$ nslookup
Default Server: localhost
Address: 127.0.0.1
> ls -d linux.bogus
üÔÏ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÂÙÔØ ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÙ ×ÓÅ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ × ÄÁÎÎÏÍ ÄÏÍÅÎÅ. ÷ ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÅ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔÓÑ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÅÅ:
[localhost]
$ORIGIN linux.bogus.
@ 1D IN SOA ns hostmaster (
199802151 ; serial
8H ; refresh
2H ; retry
1W ; expiry
1D ) ; minimum
1D IN NS ns
1D IN NS ns.friend.bogus.
1D IN TXT "Linux.Bogus, your DNS consultants"
1D IN MX 10 mail
1D IN MX 20 mail.friend.bogus.
gw 1D IN A 192.168.196.1
1D IN HINFO "Cisco" "IOS"
1D IN TXT "The router"
mail 1D IN A 192.168.196.4
1D IN MX 10 mail
1D IN MX 20 mail.friend.bogus.
1D IN HINFO "386sx" "Linux 1.0.9"
localhost 1D IN A 127.0.0.1
www 1D IN CNAME ns
donald 1D IN A 192.168.196.3
1D IN MX 10 mail
1D IN MX 20 mail.friend.bogus.
1D IN HINFO "i486" "Linux 1.2"
1D IN TXT "DEK"
ftp 1D IN A 192.168.196.5
1D IN MX 10 mail
1D IN MX 20 mail.friend.bogus.
1D IN HINFO "P6" "Linux 1.3.59"
ns 1D IN A 192.168.196.2
1D IN MX 10 mail
1D IN MX 20 mail.friend.bogus.
1D IN HINFO "Pentium" "Linux 1.2"
@ 1D IN SOA ns hostmaster (
199802151 ; serial
8H ; refresh
2H ; retry
1W ; expiry
1D ) ; minimum
üÔÏ ÈÏÒÏÛÏ. ëÁË ×Ù ×ÉÄÉÔÅ, ÜÔÏ ×ÙÇÌÑÄÉÔ ÐÏÞÔÉ ËÁË ÓÁÍ ÆÁÊÌ ÚÏÎÙ. ôÅÐÅÒØ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒÉÍ ËÁËÏÊ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÏÔ×ÅÔ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÄÌÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ Ó ÉÍÅÎÅÍ www:
> set q=any
> www.linux.bogus.
Server: localhost
Address: 127.0.0.1
www.linux.bogus canonical name = ns.linux.bogus
linux.bogus nameserver = ns.linux.bogus
linux.bogus nameserver = ns.friend.bogus
ns.linux.bogus internet address = 192.168.196.2
äÒÕÇÉÍÉ ÓÌÏ×ÁÍÉ, ÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÉÍ ÉÍÅÎÅÍ ÄÌÑ www.linux.bogus Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ
ns.linux.bogus, É ÏÎ ÔÁËÖÅ ÄÁÅÔÓÑ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÁÑ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ Ï ÍÁÛÉÎÅ ns,
ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÁÑ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÉÔØÓÑ Ó ÎÅÊ.
ôÅÐÅÒØ ÍÙ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÍÓÑ ÎÁ ÓÅÒÅÄÉÎÅ ÐÕÔÉ.
ôÅÐÅÒØ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÐÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÏ×Ù×ÁÔØ ÉÍÅÎÁ ÍÁÛÉÎ × ÄÏÍÅÎÅ linux.bogus × ÁÄÒÅÓÁ, ÐÏ ËÏÔÏÒÙÍ ÏÎÉ ÍÏÇÕÔ Ó×ÑÚÁÔØÓÑ Ó ÜÔÉÍÉ ÍÁÛÉÎÁÍÉ. îÏ ÔÁËÖÅ, ËÒÏÍÅ ÜÔÏÇÏ, ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ÏÂÒÁÔÎÁÑ ÚÏÎÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÄÁÅÔ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ DNS ÐÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÏ×Ù×ÁÔØ ÁÄÒÅÓÁ × ÉÍÅÎÁ ÍÁÛÉÎ. üÔÉ ÉÍÅÎÁ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀÔÓÑ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÙÍ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×ÏÍ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏ× ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÏÇÏ ÒÏÄÁ (FTP, IRC, WWW É ÄÒÕÇÉÍÉ) ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÒÅÛÉÔØ, ÈÏÔÑÔ ÌÉ ÏÎÉ Ó ×ÁÍÉ ÏÂÝÁÔØÓÑ ÉÌÉ ÎÅÔ, É ÄÁÖÅ ÉÎÏÇÄÁ ÉÍÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÒÅÛÉÔØ ËÁËÏÊ ÐÒÉÏÒÉÔÅÔ ×ÁÍ ÄÁÔØ. ïÂÒÁÔÎÁÑ ÚÏÎÁ ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ÄÌÑ ÐÏÌÎÏÇÏ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÁ Ë ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÍ ÓÅÒ×ÉÓÁÍ × Internet.
ðÏÍÅÓÔÉÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ ÓÔÒÏËÉ × ÆÁÊÌ named.conf:
zone "196.168.192.in-addr.arpa" {
notify no;
type master;
file "pz/192.168.196";
};
üÔÉ ÓÔÒÏËÉ ÐÏÈÏÖÉ ÎÁ ÏÐÉÓÁÎÉÅ ÚÏÎÙ 0.0.127.in-addr.arpa, Á ÆÁÊÌ ÚÏÎÙ
ÔÁËÖÅ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÓÈÏÄÎÏÅ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÎÉÅ:
@ IN SOA ns.linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
199802151 ; Serial, todays date + todays serial
8H ; Refresh
2H ; Retry
1W ; Expire
1D) ; Minimum TTL
NS ns.linux.bogus.
1 PTR gw.linux.bogus.
2 PTR ns.linux.bogus.
3 PTR donald.linux.bogus.
4 PTR mail.linux.bogus.
5 PTR ftp.linux.bogus.
ôÅÐÅÒØ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔÅ ×ÁÛ named (ndc restart) É ÓÎÏ×Á ÐÒÏ×ÅÒØÔÅ ÅÇÏ
ÒÁÂÏÔÕ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ nslookup:
> 192.168.196.4 Server: localhost Address: 127.0.0.1 Name: mail.linux.bogus Address: 192.168.196.4
ÔÁË, ÜÔÏ ×ÙÇÌÑÄÉÔ ÎÏÒÍÁÌØÎÏ, ÔÅÐÅÒØ ×ÙÄÁÊÔÅ ÐÏÌÎÙÊ ÓÐÉÓÏË ÍÁÛÉÎ × ÄÏÍÅÎÅ, ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ ÞÔÏÂÙ ÐÒÏ×ÅÒÉÔØ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÏÓÔØ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ:
> ls -d 196.168.192.in-addr.arpa
[localhost]
$ORIGIN 196.168.192.in-addr.arpa.
@ 1D IN SOA ns.linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
199802151 ; serial
8H ; refresh
2H ; retry
1W ; expiry
1D ) ; minimum
1D IN NS ns.linux.bogus.
1 1D IN PTR gw.linux.bogus.
2 1D IN PTR ns.linux.bogus.
3 1D IN PTR donald.linux.bogus.
4 1D IN PTR mail.linux.bogus.
5 1D IN PTR ftp.linux.bogus.
@ 1D IN SOA ns.linux.bogus. hostmaster.linux.bogus. (
199802151 ; serial
8H ; refresh
2H ; retry
1W ; expiry
1D ) ; minimum
÷ÙÇÌÑÄÉÔ ÈÏÒÏÛÏ!
óÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ×ÅÝÅÊ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ Ñ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÄÏÂÁ×ÉÔØ ÚÄÅÓØ. óÅÔÅ×ÙÅ
ÁÄÒÅÓÁ, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÅ ÚÄÅÓØ ×ÚÑÔÙ ÉÚ ÏÄÎÏÇÏ ÉÚ ÂÌÏËÏ× 'ÌÉÞÎÙÈ (private) ÓÅÔÅÊ',
ÉÈ ÎÅ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÁÅÔÓÑ ÐÕÂÌÉÞÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ × internet. ôÁË, ÞÔÏ ÉÈ
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ÓÔÒÏËÁ notify no;. ïÎÁ ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔ named ÎÅ ÉÚ×ÅÝÁÔØ ×ÔÏÒÉÞÎÙÅ
(×ÅÄÏÍÙÅ) ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ, ËÏÇÄÁ ×Ù ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÑÅÔÅ ÏÄÉÎ ÉÚ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÚÏÎ. ÷ bind-8, named
ÍÏÖÅÔ Õ×ÅÄÏÍÌÑÔØ ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ, ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÅ × ÚÁÐÉÓÑÈ NS × ÆÁÊÌÁÈ ÚÏÎ,
ËÏÇÄÁ ËÏÎËÒÅÔÎÁÑ ÚÏÎÁ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ. üÔÏ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÕÄÏÂÎÙÍ ÄÌÑ ÏÂÙÞÎÏÇÏ
ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ, ÎÏ ÄÌÑ ÌÉÞÎÙÈ ÜËÓÐÅÒÉÍÅÎÔÏ× Ó ÚÏÎÁÍÉ ÜÔÁ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ ÄÏÌÖÎÁ
ÂÙÔØ ÏÔËÌÀÞÅÎÁ, ÍÙ ÖÅ ÎÅ ÈÏÔÉÍ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÎÁÛ ÜËÓÐÅÒÉÍÅÎÔ ÚÁÇÒÑÚÎÑÌ internet?
é ËÏÎÅÞÎÏ, ÜÔÏÔ ÄÏÍÅÎ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÆÉËÔÉ×ÎÙÍ, ÔÁËÖÅ ËÁË É ×ÓÅ ÁÄÒÅÓÁ × ÎÅÍ. äÌÑ ÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÅÇÏ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÁ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÇÏ ÄÏÍÅÎÁ ÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÊ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ.
íÙ ÚÄÅÓØ ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÉÍ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÉÈ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÚÏÎ
ðÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔÅÌÉ ÐÒÅÄÌÏÖÉÌÉ, ÞÔÏÂÙ Ñ ×ËÌÀÞÉÌ ÐÒÉÍÅÒ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÅË ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÕÀÝÅÇÏ ÄÏÍÅÎÁ ËÁË ÕÞÅÂÎÏÅ ÐÏÓÏÂÉÅ.
ñ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÀ ÜÔÏÔ ÐÒÉÍÅÒ Ó ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÉÑ David Bullock ÉÚ LAND-5. üÔÉ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÔ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ Ñ×ÌÑÌÁÓØ ÒÅÁÌØÎÏÊ ÎÁ 24 óÅÎÔÑÂÒÑ 1996 ÇÏÄÁ, É ÂÙÌÉ ÏÔÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÙ ÍÎÏÀ ÄÌÑ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÉÑ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÁÍ ÓÉÎÔÁËÓÉÓÁ bind-8 É ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÌÉ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÍÏÉ ÒÁÓÛÉÒÅÎÉÑ. ôÁË ÞÔÏ, ÔÏ ÞÔÏ ×Ù Õ×ÉÄÉÔÅ ÚÄÅÓØ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÏÔÌÉÞÁÔØÓÑ ÏÔ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù Õ×ÉÄÉÔÅ ÓÄÅÌÁ× ÚÁÐÒÏÓ ÎÁ ÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÉÊ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÉÍÅÎ LAND-5.
úÄÅÓØ ÍÙ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉÍ Ä×Á ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÙÈ ÚÏÎ ÄÌÑ Ä×ÕÈ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÙÈ
ÏÂÒÁÔÎÙÈ ÚÏÎ: ÄÌÑ ÓÅÔÉ 127.0.0, Á ÔÁËÖÅ ÄÌÑ ÄÏÍÅÎÁ LAND-5 Ó ÎÏÍÅÒÏÍ
206.6.177. á ÚÁÐÉÓÉ ÄÌÑ ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÏÊ ÚÏÎÙ ÄÏÍÅÎÁ
land-5.com. ôÁËÖÅ ÚÁÍÅÔÉÍ, ÞÔÏ ×ÍÅÓÔÏ ÒÁÚÍÅÝÅÎÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÏ× × ÄÉÒÅËÔÏÒÉÉ
ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÎÏÊ pz, ËÁË Ñ ÄÅÌÁÌ ÚÄÅÓØ ÄÏ ÜÔÏÇÏ, ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒ ÐÏÍÅÓÔÉÌ ÜÔÉ ÆÁÊÌÙ ×
ÄÉÒÅËÔÏÒÉÀ ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÎÕÀ zone.
// úÁÇÒÕÚÏÞÎÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ ÄÌÑ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ÉÍÅÎ LAND-5
options {
directory "/var/named";
};
zone "." {
type hint;
file "root.hints";
};
zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" {
type master;
file "zone/127.0.0";
};
zone "land-5.com" {
type master;
file "zone/land-5.com";
};
zone "177.6.206.in-addr.arpa" {
type master;
file "zone/206.6.177";
};
åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÐÏÍÅÓÔÉÔÅ ÜÔÉ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ × ×ÁÛ ÆÁÊÌ named.conf ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ
ÐÏÜËÓÐÅÒÉÍÅÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ Ó ÎÉÍÉ, ÔÏ ðïöáìõêóôá ÐÏÍÅÓÔÉÔÅ ÓÔÒÏËÕ notify
no; × ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÚÏÎ, ÐÒÉÎÁÄÌÅÖÁÝÉÈ land-5, ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ ÞÔÏÂÙ ÉÚÂÅÖÁÔØ ÉÎÃÉÄÅÎÔÏ×.
úÁÐÏÍÎÉÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏ ÆÁÊÌ ÎÅ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÐÏÓÔÏÑÎÎÙÍ, É ÄÁÎÎÙÅ ÏÄÎÏÇ ÉÚ ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÈ ÚÄÅÓØ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏ× Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÕÓÔÁÒÅ×ÛÉÍÉ. ÷ÁÍ ÌÕÞÛÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ×ÍÅÓÔÏ ÐÒÉ×ÅÄÅÎÎÏÇÏ ÆÁÊÌÁ, ÆÁÊÌ ÓÄÅÌÁÎÎÙÊ ÐÅÒÅÄ ÜÔÉÍ ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ dig, ËÁË ÜÔÏ ÏÂßÑÓÎÑÌÏÓØ ÒÁÎÅÅ.
; <<>> DiG 8.1 <<>> @A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. ; (1 server found) ;; res options: init recurs defnam dnsrch ;; got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 10 ;; flags: qr aa rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 13, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 13 ;; QUERY SECTION: ;; ., type = NS, class = IN ;; ANSWER SECTION: . 6D IN NS G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS J.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS L.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS M.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. . 6D IN NS F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 192.112.36.4 J.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 198.41.0.10 K.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 193.0.14.129 L.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 198.32.64.12 M.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 202.12.27.33 A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 198.41.0.4 H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 128.63.2.53 B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 128.9.0.107 C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 192.33.4.12 D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 128.8.10.90 E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 192.203.230.10 I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 192.36.148.17 F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 5w6d16h IN A 192.5.5.241 ;; Total query time: 215 msec ;; FROM: roke.uio.no to SERVER: A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET. 198.41.0.4 ;; WHEN: Sun Feb 15 01:22:51 1998 ;; MSG SIZE sent: 17 rcvd: 436
ëÁË ÏÓÎÏ×Á ÆÁÊÌÁ ÏÂÑÚÁÔÅÌØÎÙÍÉ ÚÁÐÉÓÑÍÉ Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÚÁÐÉÓØ SOA, É ÚÁÐÉÓØ, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ
ÏÂßÑ×ÌÑÅÔ 127.0.0.1 ËÁË localhost. ôÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ÕËÁÚÁÔØ ÏÂÅ ÜÔÉ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ. âÏÌØÛÅ
ÎÉÞÅÇÏ ÎÅ ÄÏÌÖÎÏ ÂÙÔØ × ÜÔÏÍ ÆÁÊÌÅ. åÇÏ ÓËÏÒÅÅ ×ÓÅÇÏ ÎÉËÏÇÄÁ ÎÅ ÎÁÄÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ
ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÑÔØ, ÄÏ ÔÅÈ ÐÏÒ ÐÏËÁ ÎÅ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÔÓÑ ÁÄÒÅÓ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ÉÍÅÎ ÉÌÉ
ÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏÇÏ ÚÁ ÍÁÛÉÎÕ (hostmaster).
@ IN SOA land-5.com. root.land-5.com. (
199609203 ; Serial
28800 ; Refresh
7200 ; Retry
604800 ; Expire
86400) ; Minimum TTL
NS land-5.com.
1 PTR localhost.
úÄÅÓØ ÍÙ Õ×ÉÄÉÍ ÏÂÑÚÁÔÅÌØÎÕÀ ÚÁÐÉÓØ SOA, É ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÙÅ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ NS. íÙ ÍÏÖÅÍ ×ÉÄÅÔØ, ÞÔÏ ÉÍÅÅÔÓÑ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÙÊ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÉÍÅÎ ÒÁÓÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÎÙÊ ÐÏ ÁÄÒÅÓÕ ns2.psi.net. ÷ÓÅÇÄÁ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÉÍÅÔØ ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÙÊ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÉÍÅÎ ÚÁ ÐÒÅÄÅÌÁÍÉ ÄÏÍÅÎÁ × ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å ÒÅÚÅÒ×Á. íÙ ÔÁËÖÅ ÍÏÖÅÍ ×ÉÄÅÔØ, ÞÔÏ ÜÔÏÔ ÄÏÍÅÎ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÏÊ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ, ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÎÙÊ land-5, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÚÁÂÏÔÉÔÓÑ Ï ÍÎÏÖÅÓÔ×Å ÒÁÚÎÙÈ ÓÅÒ×ÉÓÏ× Internet, ÜÔÏ ÓÄÅÌÁÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÑ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ CNAME (ËÁË ÁÌØÔÅÒÎÁÔÉ×Á ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÀ ÚÁÐÉÓÅÊ A).
ëÁË ×Ù ×ÉÄÉÔÅ ÉÚ ÚÁÐÉÓÉ SOA, ÆÁÊÌ ÚÏÎÙ ÒÁÓÐÏÌÏÖÅÎ × ÄÏÍÅÎÅ land-5.com,
ÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÍ ÌÉÃÏÍ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ root@land-5.com. hostmaster -- ÜÔÏ
ÄÒÕÇÏÊ ÞÁÓÔÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÊ ÁÄÒÅÓ ÄÌÑ ÏÔ×ÅÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏÇÏ ÚÁ ÜÔÕ ÒÁÂÏÔÕ ÞÅÌÏ×ÅËÁ.
óÅÒÉÊÎÙÊ ÎÏÍÅÒ ÚÁÐÉÓÁÎ × ÐÒÉ×ÙÞÎÏÍ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÅ yyyymmdd É ÄÏÐÏÌÎÅÎ ÓÅÒÉÊÎÙÍ
ÎÏÍÅÒÏÍ ÄÌÑ ÔÅËÕÝÅÇÏ ÄÎÑ; ÜÔÏ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ 6-Ñ ×ÅÒÓÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÁ ÚÏÎÙ ÎÁ 20 ÓÅÎÔÑÂÒÑ
1996. ðÏÍÎÉÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ÓÅÒÉÊÎÙÊ ÎÏÍÅÒ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ Õ×ÅÌÉÞÉ×ÁÔØÓÑ ÍÏÎÏÔÏÎÎÏ,
ÚÄÅÓØ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÏÄÎÁ ÃÉÆÒÁ ÄÌÑ ÓÅÒÉÊÎÏÇÏ ÎÏÍÅÒÁ ÔÅËÕÝÅÇÏ ÄÎÑ, ÔÁË ÞÔÏ
ÐÏÓÌÅ 9 ÐÏÐÒÁ×ÏË ÍÙ ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÖÄÁÔØ ÚÁ×ÔÒÁÛÎÅÇÏ ÄÎÑ, ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ ÞÔÏÂÙ ÄÁÌØÛÅ
ÐÒÏÄÏÌÖÉÔØ ÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌ. òÁÓÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ Ä×ÕÈ ÃÉÆÒ ÄÌÑ ÎÏÍÅÒÁ ×ÍÅÓÔÏ ÏÄÎÏÊ.
@ IN SOA land-5.com. root.land-5.com. (
199609206 ; serial, todays date + todays serial #
8H ; refresh, seconds
2H ; retry, seconds
1W ; expire, seconds
1D ) ; minimum, seconds
NS land-5.com.
NS ns2.psi.net.
MX 10 land-5.com. ; ïÓÎÏ×ÎÏÊ ÐÏÞÔÏ×ÙÊ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ
localhost A 127.0.0.1
router A 206.6.177.1
land-5.com. A 206.6.177.2
ns A 206.6.177.3
www A 207.159.141.192
ftp CNAME land-5.com.
mail CNAME land-5.com.
news CNAME land-5.com.
funn A 206.6.177.2
@ TXT "LAND-5 Corporation"
;
; òÁÂÏÞÉÅ ÓÔÁÎÃÉÉ
;
ws-177200 A 206.6.177.200
MX 10 land-5.com. ; ïÓÎÏ×ÎÁÑ ÐÏÞÔÏ×ÁÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ
ws-177201 A 206.6.177.201
MX 10 land-5.com. ; ïÓÎÏ×ÎÁÑ ÐÏÞÔÏ×ÁÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ
ws-177202 A 206.6.177.202
MX 10 land-5.com. ; ïÓÎÏ×ÎÁÑ ÐÏÞÔÏ×ÁÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ
ws-177203 A 206.6.177.203
MX 10 land-5.com. ; ïÓÎÏ×ÎÁÑ ÐÏÞÔÏ×ÁÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ
ws-177204 A 206.6.177.204
MX 10 land-5.com. ; ïÓÎÏ×ÎÁÑ ÐÏÞÔÏ×ÁÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ
ws-177205 A 206.6.177.205
MX 10 land-5.com. ; ïÓÎÏ×ÎÁÑ ÐÏÞÔÏ×ÁÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ
; {ÍÎÏÇÏ ÐÏ×ÔÏÒÑÀÝÉÈÓÑ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÊ ÕÄÁÌÅÎÏ}
ws-177250 A 206.6.177.250
MX 10 land-5.com. ; ïÓÎÏ×ÎÁÑ ÐÏÞÔÏ×ÁÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ
ws-177251 A 206.6.177.251
MX 10 land-5.com. ; ïÓÎÏ×ÎÁÑ ÐÏÞÔÏ×ÁÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ
ws-177252 A 206.6.177.252
MX 10 land-5.com. ; ïÓÎÏ×ÎÁÑ ÐÏÞÔÏ×ÁÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ
ws-177253 A 206.6.177.253
MX 10 land-5.com. ; ïÓÎÏ×ÎÁÑ ÐÏÞÔÏ×ÁÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ
ws-177254 A 206.6.177.254
MX 10 land-5.com. ; ïÓÎÏ×ÎÁÑ ÐÏÞÔÏ×ÁÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÁ
åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÐÏÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔÅ Ó ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏÍ ÉÍÅÎ ÄÏÍÅÎÁ land-5, ÔÏ ×Ù ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ÉÍÅÎÁ
ÍÁÛÉÎ ÉÍÅÀÔ ÆÏÒÍÕ ws_ÎÏÍÅÒ. ó ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÉÈ ×ÅÒÓÉÊ bind 4 named
ÎÁÞÁÌ ÏÇÒÁÎÉÞÉ×ÁÔØ ÔÏ, ËÁËÉÅ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÙ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÂÙÔØ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÙ × ÉÍÅÎÁÈ
ÍÁÛÉÎ. ôÁË, ÞÔÏ ÜÔÉ ÉÍÅÎÁ ÎÅÌØÚÑ ÂÙÌÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ Ó bind-8, É Ñ ÐÏÄÓÔÁ×ÉÌ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌ '-'
(ÔÉÒÅ) ×ÍÅÓÔÏ ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÁ '_' (ÐÏÄÞÅÒËÉ×ÁÎÉÅ).
äÒÕÇÁÑ ×ÅÝØ, ËÏÔÏÒÕÀ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÚÁÍÅÔÉÔØ, ÜÔÏ ÔÏ, ÞÔÏ ×ÓÅ ÒÁÂÏÞÉÅ ÓÔÁÎÃÉÉ ÎÅ ÉÍÅÀÔ ÉÎÄÉ×ÉÄÕÁÌØÎÙÈ ÉÍÅÎ, Á ×ÍÅÓÔÏ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÓÏÓÔÏÑÔ ÉÚ ÐÒÅÆÉËÓÁ ÚÁ ËÏÔÏÒÙÍ ÓÌÅÄÕÅÔ 2 ÐÏÓÌÅÄÎÉÈ ÞÉÓÌÁ ÉÚ IP-ÁÄÒÅÓÁ. éÓÐÏÌØÚÕÑ ÔÁËÏÅ ÓÏÇÌÁÛÅÎÉÅ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÚÎÁÞÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÕÐÒÏÓÔÉÔØ ÒÁÂÏÔÕ ÐÏ ÓÏÐÒÏ×ÏÖÄÅÎÉÀ, ÎÏ ÜÔÏ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ÂÅÚÌÉÞÎÏ É × ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔÉ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ ÉÓÔÏÞÎÉËÏÍ ÎÅÄÏ×ÏÌØÓÔ×Á ÓÏ ÓÔÏÒÏÎÙ ×ÁÛÉÈ ËÌÉÅÎÔÏ×.
íÙ ÔÁËÖÅ ×ÉÄÉÍ, ÞÔÏ ÉÍÑ funn.land-5.com ÜÔÏ ÁÌÉÁÓ ÄÌÑ land-5.com, ÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÚÁÐÉÓØ A, Á ÎÅ ÚÁÐÉÓØ CNAME.
ñ ÐÒÏËÏÍÍÅÎÔÉÒÕÀ ÜÔÏ ÆÁÊÌ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÌÉÓÔÉÎÇÁ.
@ IN SOA land-5.com. root.land-5.com. (
199609206 ; Serial
28800 ; Refresh
7200 ; Retry
604800 ; Expire
86400) ; Minimum TTL
NS land-5.com.
NS ns2.psi.net.
;
; Servers
;
1 PTR router.land-5.com.
2 PTR land-5.com.
2 PTR funn.land-5.com.
;
; òÁÂÏÞÉÅ ÓÔÁÎÃÉÉ
;
200 PTR ws-177200.land-5.com.
201 PTR ws-177201.land-5.com.
202 PTR ws-177202.land-5.com.
203 PTR ws-177203.land-5.com.
204 PTR ws-177204.land-5.com.
205 PTR ws-177205.land-5.com.
; {ÍÎÏÇÏ ÐÏ×ÔÏÒÑÀÝÉÈÓÑ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÊ ÕÄÁÌÅÎÏ}
250 PTR ws-177250.land-5.com.
251 PTR ws-177251.land-5.com.
252 PTR ws-177252.land-5.com.
253 PTR ws-177253.land-5.com.
254 PTR ws-177254.land-5.com.
ïÂÒÁÔÎÁÑ ÚÏÎÁ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÔÏÊ ÞÁÓÔØÀ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ËÁÖÅÔÓÑ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÎÏÊ ×ÙÚ×ÁÔØ ÂÏÌØÛÏÅ ÇÏÒÅ (ÐÅÞÁÌØ, grief). ïÎÁ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÉÍÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ ÐÏ ÅÅ IP-ÁÄÒÅÓÕ. ðÒÉÍÅÒ: Õ ×ÁÓ ÅÓÔØ IRC-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ É ÏÎ ÐÒÉÎÉÍÁÅÔ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÑ ÏÔ IRC-ËÌÉÅÎÔÏ×. ïÄÎÁËÏ ÏÎ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ × îÏÒ×ÅÇÉÉ É ÈÏÞÅÔ ÐÒÉÎÉÍÁÔØ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÑ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÏÔ ËÌÉÅÎÔÏ× ÉÚ îÏÒ×ÅÇÉÉ É ÄÒÕÇÉÈ ÓËÁÎÄÉÎÁ×ÓËÉÈ ÓÔÒÁÎ. ëÏÇÄÁ ×Ù ÓÏÅÄÉÎÑÅÔÅÓØ Ó ËÌÉÅÎÔÏÍ, ÔÏ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÉ ÑÚÙËÁ ó ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÕÚÎÁÔØ ÁÄÒÅÓ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÑÀÝÅÊÓÑ Ó ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏÍ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ, ÐÏÓËÏÌØËÕ ÜÔÏÔ ÁÄÒÅÓ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔÓÑ ×Ï ×ÓÅÈ ÐÁËÅÔÁÈ, ÐÅÒÅÄÁ×ÁÅÍÙÈ ÐÏ ÓÅÔÉ. ôÅÐÅÒØ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÍÏÖÅÔ ×ÙÚ×ÁÔØ ÆÕÎËÃÉÀ ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÎÕÀ gethostbyaddr, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÉÝÅÔ ÉÍÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ ÐÏ ÚÁÄÁÎÎÏÍÕ IP-ÎÏÍÅÒÕ. Gethostbyaddr ÚÁÐÒÏÓÉÔ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ DNS, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔ ÐÏÉÓË ÚÁÄÁÎÎÏÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ × DNS. äÏÐÕÓÔÉÍ ËÌÉÅÎÔ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÑÅÔÓÑ Ó ÍÁÛÉÎÙ ws-177200.land-5.com. IP-ÎÏÍÅÒ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÂÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÁ C ÐÅÒÅÄÁÅÔ IRC-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÕ, ÒÁ×ÅÎ 206.6.177.200. äÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÉÍÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ ÎÁÍ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÄÏÍÅÎ 200.177.6.206.in-addr.arpa. DNS-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÓÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÎÁÊÄÅÔ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ÄÏÍÅÎÁ arpa., ÚÁÔÅÍ ÎÁÊÄÅÔ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ in-addr.arpa., ÓÌÅÄÕÑ ÄÁÌØÛÅ ÞÅÒÅÚ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ÇÒÕÐÐÙ 206, ÚÁÔÅÍ 6 É × ËÏÎÃÅ ËÏÎÃÏ× ÎÁÊÄÅÔ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÄÌÑ ÚÏÎÙ 177.6.206.in-addr.arpa × ÄÏÍÅÎÅ land-5. ïÔ ËÏÔÏÒÏÇÏ ÏÎ × ËÏÎÃÅ ËÏÎÃÏ× ÍÏÖÅÔ ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔ ÏÔ×ÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ÄÌÑ 200.177.6.206.in-addr.arpa Õ ÎÁÓ ÅÓÔØ ÚÁÐÉÓØ 'PTR ws-177200.land-5.com', ÏÚÎÁÞÁÀÝÁÑ ÞÔÏ ÉÍÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ Ó ÁÄÒÅÓÏÍ 206.6.177.200 ÒÁ×ÎÏ ws-177200.land-5.com. ëÁË É ÏÂßÑÓÎÅÎÉÅ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË ÍÙ ÉÓËÁÌÉ prep.ai.mit.edu, ÜÔÏÔ ÐÒÉÍÅÒ ×ÙÍÙÛÌÅÎ.
÷ÅÒÎÅÍÓÑ Ë ÎÁÛÅÍÕ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÕ Ó IRC-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏÍ. IRC-ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÐÒÉÎÉÍÁÅÔ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÑ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÉÚ ÓËÁÎÄÉÎÁ×ÓËÉÈ ÓÔÒÁÎ, ÎÁÐÒÉÍÅÒ, *.no, *.se, *.dk, ÉÍÑ ws-177200.land-5.com Ñ×ÎÏ ÎÅ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÜÔÏÍÕ ÐÒÁ×ÉÌÕ É ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÚÁÐÒÅÔÉÔ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÅ. åÓÌÉ ÂÙ ÎÅ ÂÙÌÏ ÏÂÒÁÔÎÏÇÏ ÍÁÐÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÁÄÒÅÓÁ 206.2.177.200 Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ÚÏÎÙ in-addr.arpa, ÔÏ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÎÅ ÓÍÏÇ ÂÙ ×ÏÏÂÝÅ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÉÍÑ ÍÁÛÉÎÙ É ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÂÙÌ ÂÙ ÓÒÁ×ÎÉ×ÁÔØ ÁÄÒÅÓ 206.2.177.200 Ó ÚÁÄÁÎÎÙÍÉ ÍÁÓËÁÍÉ --*.no, *.se É *.dk, ËÏÔÏÒÙÍ ÜÔÏÔ ÁÄÒÅÓ Ñ×ÎÏ ÎÅ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÅÔ.
îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÌÀÄÉ ÓËÁÖÕÔ, ÞÔÏ ÏÂÒÁÔÎÏÅ ÐÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÁÄÒÅÓÏ× ×ÁÖÎÏ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÄÌÑ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏ×, É ÎÅ ×ÁÖÎÏ ÄÌÑ ÏÓÔÁÌØÎÏÊ ÒÁÂÏÔÙ. üÔÏ ÎÅ ÔÁË: ÍÎÏÇÉÅ ftp, news, IRC É ÄÁÖÅ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ http (WWW) ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ÎÅ ÐÒÉÎÉÍÁÀÔ ÓÏÅÄÉÎÅÎÉÑ ÏÔ ÍÁÛÉÎ ÄÌÑ ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÏÎÉ ÎÅ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÉÍÅÎÁ. ôÁË ÞÔÏ × ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔÉ ÏÂÒÁÔÎÏÅ ÐÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÄÌÑ ÍÁÛÉÎ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÏÂÑÚÁÔÅÌØÎÙÍ.
óÏÄÅÒÖÁÎÉÅ × ÒÁÂÏÞÅÍ ÓÏÓÔÏÑÎÉÉ.
óÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÏÄÎÁ ÚÁÄÁÞÁ ÐÏ ÓÏÐÒÏ×ÏÖÄÅÎÉÀ named, ËÒÏÍÅ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÎÉÑ
ÅÇÏ ÚÁÐÕÝÅÎÎÙÍ ÎÁ ÍÁÛÉÎÅ. üÔÏ ÒÅÇÕÌÑÒÎÏÅ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÆÁÊÌÁ root.hints. îÁÉÂÏÌÅÅ
ÌÅÇËÉÊ ÐÕÔØ -- ÜÔÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÐÒÏÇÒÁÍÍÙ dig. óÎÁÞÁÌÁ ÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔÅ dig ÂÅÚ
ÁÒÇÕÍÅÎÔÏ× É ×Ù ÐÏÌÕÞÉÔÅ ÆÁÊÌ root.hints, ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÕÀÝÔÊ ×ÁÛÉÍ ÄÁÎÎÙÍ.
úÁÔÅÍ ÚÁÐÒÏÓÉÔÅ ÏÄÉÎ ÉÚ ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÎÙÈ ËÏÒÎÅ×ÙÈ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏ×, ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉ×
ËÏÍÁÎÄÕ dig @rootserver. ÷Ù ÚÁÍÅÔÉÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ×Ù×ÏÄ ÜÔÏÊ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ ×ÙÇÌÑÄÉÔ
ÕÖÁÓÎÏ ÐÏÈÏÖÅ ÎÁ ÆÁÊÌ root.hints. óÏÈÒÁÎÉÔÅ ×Ù×ÏÄÉÍÙÅ ÄÁÎÎÙÅ × ÆÁÊÌ (Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ dig
@e.root-servers.net . ns >root.hints.new) É ÚÁÍÅÎÉÔÅ ÜÔÉÍ ÆÁÊÌÏÍ ÓÔÁÒÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ
root.hints.
ðÏÍÎÉÔÅ, ÞÔÏ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÐÕÓÔÉÔØ named ÐÏÓÌÅ ÚÁÍÅÎÙ ÆÁÊÌÁ.
Al Longyear ÐÏÓÌÁÌ ÍÎÅ ÜÔÏÔ ÓËÒÉÐÔ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÍÏÖÅÔ ÂÙÔØ Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ
ÚÁÐÕÝÅÎ ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÑÔØ ÆÁÊÌ root.hints, ÓÏÚÄÁÊÔÅ ÚÁÐÉÓØ ×
crontab ÄÌÑ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁ ÅÇÏ ÒÁÚ × ÍÅÓÑÃ É ÚÁÂÕÄØÔÅ ÐÒÏ ÎÅÇÏ. ÷ ÓËÒÉÐÔÅ
ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÁÇÁÅÔÓÑ, ÞÔÏ ÐÏÞÔÏ×ÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ É ÞÔÏ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎ ÐÏÞÔÏ×ÙÊ
ÁÌÉÁÓ `hostmaster'. ÷Ù ÄÏÌÖÎÙ ÐÏÄÐÒÁ×ÉÔØ ÜÔÏÔ ÓËÒÉÐÔ ÄÌÑ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÉÑ ×ÁÛÉÍ
ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÁÍ.
#!/bin/sh # # ïÂÎÏ×ÌÑÅÔ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÀ ËÅÛÁ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ÉÍÅÎ ÒÁÚ × ÍÅÓÑÃ. # ïÎ Á×ÔÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ÚÁÐÕÓËÁÅÔÓÑ ÒÁÚ × ÍÅÓÑÃ Ó ÐÏÍÏÝØÀ cron. # ( echo "To: hostmaster <hostmaster>" echo "From: system <root>" echo "Subject: Automatic update of the named.conf file" echo export PATH=/sbin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/bin: cd /var/named dig @rs.internic.net . ns >root.hints.new echo "The named.conf file has been updated to contain the following information:" echo cat root.hints.new chown root.root root.hints.new chmod 444 root.hints.new rm -f root.hints.old mv root.hints root.hints.old mv root.hints.new root.hints ndc restart echo echo "The nameserver has been restarted to ensure that the update is complete." echo "The previous root.hints file is now called /var/named/root.hints.old." ) 2>&1 | /usr/lib/sendmail -t exit 0
îÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÉÚ ×ÁÓ ÚÁÍÅÔÉÌÉ, ÞÔÏ ÆÁÊÌ root.hints ÔÁËÖÅ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÅÎ ÐÏ ftp Ó ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ Internic. ðÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ ÎÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ ftp ÄÌÑ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÁ root.hints, ×ÙÛÅÐÒÉ×ÅÄÅÎÎÙÊ ÍÅÔÏÄ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÄÒÕÖÅÌÀÂÅÎ ÐÏ ÏÔÎÏÛÅÎÉÀ Ë ÓÅÔÉ.
òÁÎØÛÅ ÜÔÏ ÂÙÌ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ Ï ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÉ bind 8, ÎÁÐÉÓÁÎÎÙÊ David E. Smith (dave@bureau42.ml.org). ñ ÎÅÍÎÏÇÏ ÉÚÍÅÎÉÌ ÅÇÏ ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×Ï×ÁÔØ ÉÍÅÎÉ ÒÁÚÄÅÌÁ.
÷ ÎÅÍ ÓÏ×ÓÅÍ ÎÅÍÎÏÇÏ. úÁ ÉÓËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅÍ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÆÁÊÌÁ named.conf ×ÍÅÓÔÏ named.boot, ×ÓÅ ÏÓÔÁÌØÎÏÅ ÔÏÖÅ ÓÁÍÏÅ. é bind8 ÐÏÓÔÁ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÓÏ ÓËÒÉÐÔÏÍ ÎÁ perl, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÐÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÕÅÔ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÅË ÓÏ ÓÔÁÒÙÍ ÓÉÎÔÁËÓÉÓÏÍ × ÆÁÊÌ Ó ÎÏ×ÙÍ ÓÉÎÔÁËÓÉÓÏÍ. ðÒÉÍÅÒ ÆÁÊÌÁ named.boot (ÓÔÁÒÙÊ ÓÔÉÌØ) ÄÌÑ ËÅÛÉÒÕÀÝÅÇÏ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ÉÍÅÎ:
directory /var/named cache . root.hints primary 0.0.127.IN-ADDR.ARPA 127.0.0.zone primary localhost localhost.zone
./named-bootconf.pl < named.boot > named.conf
// generated by named-bootconf.pl
options {
directory "/var/named";
};
zone "." {
type hint;
file "root.hints";
};
zone "0.0.127.IN-ADDR.ARPA" {
type master;
file "127.0.0.zone";
};
zone "localhost" {
type master;
file "localhost.zone";
};
üÔÏÔ ÓËÒÉÐÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ ÄÌÑ ×ÓÅÇÏ, ÞÔÏ ÍÏÇÌÏ ÂÙÔØ ÚÁÐÉÓÁÎÏ × ÆÁÊÌÅ named.boot, ÈÏÔÑ ÏÎ ÎÅ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÑÅÔ ×ÓÅ ÎÏ×ÙÅ ÒÁÓÛÉÒÅÎÉÑ É ÏÐÃÉÉ ÎÁÓÔÒÏÊËÉ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ × bind8. úÄÅÓØ Ñ ÐÒÉ×ÅÄÕ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÌÎÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ named.conf, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÄÅÌÁÅÔ ÔÅ ÖÅ ÓÁÍÙÅ ×ÅÝÉ, ÎÏ ÎÅÍÎÏÇÏ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÜÆÆÅËÔÉ×ÎÏ.
// üÔÏ ÆÁÊÌ ËÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÉ ÄÌÑ named (ÄÌÑ BIND 8.1 ÉÌÉ ÂÏÌÅÅ ÐÏÚÄÎÉÈ).
// ïÎ ÏÂÙÞÎÏ ÕÓÔÁÎÁ×ÌÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ËÁË /etc/named.conf.
// ïÔÌÉÞÉÅ ÏÔ `ÛÁÂÌÏÎÎÏÇÏ' ÆÁÊÌÁ named.conf (ËÒÏÍÅ ÜÔÏÇÏ ËÏÍÍÅÎÔÁÒÉÑ :)
// × ÔÏÍ, ÞÔÏ ÓÔÒÏËÁ <tt/directory/ ÒÁÚËÏÍÍÅÎÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÁ, ÐÏÓËÏÌØËÕ
// Õ ÍÅÎÑ ÕÖÅ ÅÓÔØ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÚÏÎ × ÄÉÒÅËÔÏÒÉÉ /var/named.
options {
directory "/var/named";
check-names master warn; /* ÐÏ ÕÍÏÌÞÁÎÉÀ */
datasize 20M;
};
zone "localhost" IN {
type master;
file "localhost.zone";
check-names fail;
allow-update { none; };
allow-transfer { any; };
};
zone "0.0.127.in-addr.arpa" IN {
type master;
file "127.0.0.zone";
check-names fail;
allow-update { none; };
allow-transfer { any; };
};
zone "." IN {
type hint;
file "root.hints";
};
bind8/src/bin/named/test ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÜÔÏÔ ÆÁÊÌ, Á ÔÁËÖÅ ËÏÐÉÉ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÚÏÎ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÅ ÍÎÏÇÉÅ ÌÀÄÉ ÍÏÇÕÔ ÐÒÏÓÍÏÔÒÅÔØ É ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÄÌÑ ÂÙÓÔÒÏÇÏ ÓÔÁÒÔÁ Ó ÎÕÌÑ.
æÏÒÍÁÔÙ ÆÁÊÌÏ× ÚÏÎ É ÆÁÊÌÏ× root.hints ÏÄÉÎÁËÏ×Ù, ÔÁËÖÅ ËÁË É ËÏÍÁÎÄÙ ÄÌÑ ÉÈ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÑ.
ðÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ ÐÒÏÞÉÔÁÊÔÅ ÜÔÏÔ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÄÏ ÔÏÇÏ, ËÁË ÓÏÂÅÒÅÔÅÓØ ÐÉÓÁÔØ ÍÎÅ Ï ÞÅÍ ÌÉÂÏ.
÷Ù ÐÒÏÞÉÔÁÌÉ ÎÅÐÒÁ×ÉÌØÎÙÊ HOWTO. ðÏÖÁÌÕÊÓÔÁ ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÓÔÁÒÕÀ ×ÅÒÓÉÀ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÁÑ ÏÐÉÓÙ×ÁÅÔ bind 4. åÅ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÐÏ ÁÄÒÅÓÕ http://www.math.uio.no/~janl/DNS/
îÁÂÏÒ ËÌÀÞÅ×ÙÈ ÓÌÏ×: `forwarders', `slave', Á ÔÁËÖÅ ÐÏÓÍÏÔÒÉÔÅ ÓÐÉÓÏË ÌÉÔÅÒÁÔÕÒÙ × ËÏÎÃÅ ÜÔÏÇÏ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁ.
óÄÅÌÁÊÔÅ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÒÁÚÎÙÈ ÚÁÐÉÓÅÊ A ÄÌÑ www.busy.site É ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÊÔÅ bind ×ÅÒÓÉÉ 4.9.3 ÉÌÉ ÓÔÁÒÛÅ. ðÒÉ ÜÔÏÍ bind ÐÒÉ ÏÔ×ÅÔÁÈ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÓÍÅÝÁÔØÓÑ ÐÏ ËÒÕÇÕ ÍÅÖÄÕ ÚÁÄÁÎÎÙÍÉ ÁÄÒÅÓÁÍÉ. üÔÏÔ ÍÅÔÏÄ ÎÅ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ Ó ÂÏÌÅÅ ÒÁÎÎÉÍÉ ×ÅÒÓÉÑÍÉ bind.
÷ÁÍ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÕÂÒÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌ root.hints É ÐÒÏÓÔÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÆÁÊÌÙ ÚÏÎ. üÔÏ ÔÁËÖÅ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÎÉËÏÇÄÁ ÎÅ ÎÕÖÎÏ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÏÂÎÏ×ÌÑÔØ ÅÇÏ.
åÓÌÉ ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÏÊ/×ÅÄÕÝÉÊ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÉÍÅÎ ÉÍÅÅÔ ÁÄÒÅÓ 127.0.0.1, ÔÏ ×ÁÍ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÐÏÍÅÓÔÉÔØ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ ÔÁËÕÀ ÓÔÒÏËÕ × ÆÁÊÌ named.conf ÄÏÐÏÌÎÉÔÅÌØÎÏÇÏ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÁ ÉÍÅÎ:
zone "linux.bogus" {
type slave;
file "sz/linux.bogus";
masters { 127.0.0.1; };
};
masters,
ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅÎÎÏÇÏ ÚÎÁËÏÍ ';' (ÔÏÞËÁ Ó ÚÁÐÑÔÏÊ).
åÓÔØ Ä×Á ÐÏÄÈÏÄÁ Ë ÒÅÛÅÎÉÀ ÜÔÏÊ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÙ:
õ ÍÅÎÑ ÚÁÐÕÝÅÎ named ÎÁ ÍÏÅÊ ÍÁÛÉÎÅ Ó 'Masquerading'. õ ÍÅÎÑ ÅÓÔØ Ä×Á ÆÁÊÌÁ
root.hints -- ÏÄÉÎ, ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÎÙÊ root.hints.real, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÉÊ
ÓÐÉÓÏË ÉÍÅÎ ËÏÒÎÅ×ÙÈ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒÏ× É ×ÔÏÒÏÊ, ÎÁÚ×ÁÎÎÙÊ root.hints.fake, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ
ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ...
----
; root.hints.fake
; ÜÔÏÔ ÆÁÊÌ ÎÅ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÉÔ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ
----
ëÏÇÄÁ Ñ ÏÔËÌÀÞÁÀÓØ ÏÔ ÐÒÏ×ÁÊÄÅÒÁ, Ñ ËÏÐÉÒÕÀ ÆÁÊÌ root.hints.fake × ÆÁÊÌ
root.hints É ÐÅÒÅÚÁÐÕÓËÁÀ named.
ëÏÇÄÁ Ñ ÓÎÏ×Á ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÁÀÓØ Ë ÐÒÏ×ÁÊÄÅÒÕ, ÔÏ Ñ ËÏÐÉÒÕÀ ÆÁÊÌ root.hints.real ×
root.hints É ÏÐÑÔØ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÐÕÓËÁÀ named.
üÔÏ ÄÅÌÁÅÔÓÑ ÉÚ ÓËÒÉÐÔÏ× ip-down É ip-up ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ.
óÎÁÞÁÌÁ Ñ ÄÅÌÁÀ ÚÁÐÒÏÓ ÏÂ ÉÍÅÎÉ ÄÏÍÅÎÁ, Ï ËÏÔÏÒÏÍ named ÎÅ ÉÍÅÅÔ
ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ, É ÏÎ ÐÏÍÅÝÁÅÔ ÐÒÉÍÅÒÎÏ ÔÁËÕÀ ÓÔÒÏËÕ × ÆÁÊÌ messages..
Jan 28 20:10:11 hazchem named[10147]: No root nameserver for class IN
ëÁÖÅÔÓÑ ÜÔÏ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÅÔ × ÍÏÅÍ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ. ñ ÍÏÇÕ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÓÅÒ×ÅÒ ÉÍÅÎ ÄÌÑ
ÌÏËÁÌØÎÙÈ ÍÁÛÉÎ × ÔÏ ×ÒÅÍÑ, ËÏÇÄÁ Ñ ÏÔËÌÀÞÅÎ ÏÔ ÓÅÔÉ,
ÂÅÚ ËÁËÉÈ ÌÉÂÏ ÚÁÄÅÒÖÅË ÐÏ ÔÁÊÍ-ÁÕÔÕ ÄÌÑ
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îÅÔ, named ÎÅ ÓÏÈÒÑÎÑÅÔ ËÅÛ ÐÒÉ ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÅÎÉÉ. üÔÏ ÏÚÎÁÞÁÅÔ, ÞÔÏ ËÅÛ ÄÏÌÖÅÎ ÂÙÔØ ÐÏÓÔÒÏÅÎ ÚÁÎÏ×Ï ËÁÖÄÙÊ ÒÁÚ ÐÒÉ ÐÅÒÅÚÁÐÕÓËÅ named. îÅÔ ÓÐÏÓÏÂÁ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ ÚÁÓÔÁ×ÉÌ ÂÙ named ÓÏÈÒÁÎÑÔØ ËÅÛ × ÆÁÊÌÅ. åÓÌÉ ×Ù ÈÏÔÉÔÅ, ÔÏ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ``ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÉÔØ'' ÜÔÏ, ÐÏÄÐÒÁ×É× named. ïÄÎÁËÏ ÜÔÏ ÎÅ ÒÅËÏÍÅÎÄÕÅÔÓÑ.
äÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÉ É ÕÔÉÌÉÔÙ.
óÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÎÁÓÔÏÑÝÁÑ ÄÏËÕÍÅÎÔÁÃÉÑ. äÏÓÔÕÐÎÁÑ × ÜÌÅËÔÒÏÎÎÏÊ É × ÐÅÞÁÔÎÏÊ ÆÏÒÍÁÈ. þÔÅÎÉÅ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ÉÚ ÜÔÉÈ ÒÕËÏ×ÏÄÓÔ× ÔÒÅÂÕÅÔÓÑ ÄÌÑ ÔÏÇÏ, ÞÔÏÂÙ ÓÄÅÌÁÔØ ÛÁÇ ÏÔ ÐÒÏÓÔÏÇÏ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÁ DNS Ë ËÒÕÐÎÏÍÕ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÕ. ÷ ÐÅÞÁÔÎÏÍ ×ÉÄÅ ÓÔÁÎÄÁÒÔÎÏÊ ËÎÉÇÏÊ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ DNS and BIND Á×ÔÏÒÏ× C. Liu É P. Albitz, ×ÙÐÕÝÅÎÎÁÑ O'Reilly & Associates, Sebastopol, CA, ISBN 0-937175-82-X. ñ ÞÉÔÁÌ ÅÅ, ÏÎÁ ×ÅÌÉËÏÌÅÐÎÁ. ôÁËÖÅ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÕÅÔ ÒÁÚÄÅÌ Ï DNS × ËÎÉÇÅ TCP/IP Network Administration, ÎÁÐÉÓÁÎÎÏÊ Craig Hunt É ÉÚÄÁÎÎÏÊ O'Reilly..., ISBN 0-937175-82-X. ôÁËÖÅ ÄÌÑ ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ DNS (ÉÌÉ ×ÓÅÇÏ, ÏÔÎÏÓÑÝÅÇÏÓÑ Ë ÜÔÏÍÕ) ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÂÙÔØ ÈÏÒÏÛÅÊ ËÎÉÇÁ Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance Á×ÔÏÒÁ Robert M. Prisig :-) ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÁ ËÁË ISBN 0688052304, Á ÔÁËÖÅ ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ËÎÉÇÉ.
÷ ÜÌÅËÔÒÏÎÎÏÊ ÆÏÒÍÅ ×Ù ÍÏÖÅÔÅ ÎÁÊÔÉ ÍÁÔÅÒÉÁÌÙ ÎÁ http://www.dns.net/dnsrd/, http://www.isc.org/bind.html; FAQ, ÓÐÒÁ×ÏÞÎÙÅ ÍÁÔÅÒÉÁÌÙ (BOG; Bind Operations Guide), Á ÔÁËÖÅ ÓÔÁÔØÉ É ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÑ ÐÒÏÔÏËÏÌÏ× É ÄÏÐÏÌÎÅÎÉÑ (hacks) Ë DNS (ÜÔÉ, É ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Ï, ÅÓÌÉ ÎÅ ×ÓÅ, rfc, ÕÐÏÍÑÎÕÔÙÅ ÎÉÖÅ, ÏÎÉ ÔÁËÖÅ ÉÄÕÔ × ÐÏÓÔÁ×ËÅ bind). íÎÅ ÎÅ ÎÕÖÎÙ ÂÏÌØÛÉÎÓÔ×Ï ÉÚ ÎÉÈ, ÎÏ Ñ ÎÅ Ñ×ÌÑÀÓØ ËÒÕÐÎÙÍ DNS ÁÄÍÉÎÉÓÔÒÁÔÏÒÏÍ. Arnt Gulbrandsen ÞÉÔÁÌ BOG É ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ × ÜËÓÔÁÚÅ ÏÔ ÅÇÏ :-). ÷ ÇÒÕÐÐÅ ÎÏ×ÏÓÔÅÊ comp.protocols.tcp-ip.domains ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÑÔ ÄÉÓËÕÓÓÉÉ Ï DNS. ÷ ÄÏÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ Ë ÜÔÏÍÕ, ÚÄÅÓØ ÐÅÒÅÞÉÓÌÅÎÙ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÅ RFC Ï DNS, ÓÁÍÙÍÉ ×ÁÖÎÙÍÉ ÉÚ ËÏÔÏÒÙÈ ×ÅÒÏÑÔÎÏ Ñ×ÌÑÀÔÓÑ ÓÌÅÄÕÀÝÉÅ:
A. Gulbrandsen, P. Vixie, A DNS RR for specifying the location of services (DNS SRV), October 1996
Y. Rekhter, R. Moskowitz, D. Karrenberg, G. de Groot, E. Lear, Address Allocation for Private Internets, 02/29/1996.
D. Barr, Common DNS Operational and Configuration Errors, 02/28/1996.
B. Barr Errors in RFC 1912, this is available at http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~barr/rfc1912-errors.html
A. Romao, Tools for DNS debugging, 11/03/1994.
C. Farrell, M. Schulze, S. Pleitner, D. Baldoni, DNS Encoding of Geographical Location, 11/01/1994.
R. Ullmann, P. Mockapetris, L. Mamakos, C. Everhart, New DNS RR Definitions, 10/08/1990.
P. Mockapetris, Domain names - implementation and specification, 11/01/1987.
P. Mockapetris, Domain names - concepts and facilities, 11/01/1987.
M. Lottor, Domain administrators operations guide, 11/01/1987.
M. Stahl, Domain administrators guide, 11/01/1987.
C. Partridge, Mail routing and the domain system, 01/01/1986.