Repeated Measurements Models for Continuous Variables in the Presence of Time-varying Covariates and with Frailty or Serial Dependence

Usage

kalseries(response, times=NULL, intensity="exponential",
	depend="independence", mu=NULL, shape=NULL, density=F, ccov=NULL,
	tvcov=NULL, torder=0, interaction=NULL, preg=NULL, ptvc=NULL,
	pintercept=NULL, pshape=1, pinitial=1, pdepend=NULL, delta=NULL,
	transform="identity", link="identity",
	envir=sys.frame(sys.parent()), print.level=0,
	ndigit=10, gradtol=0.00001, steptol=0.00001, iterlim=100,
	fscale=1, typsiz=abs(p), stepmax=10*sqrt(p%*%p))

Arguments

response A list of two column matrices with responses and corresponding times for each individual, one matrix or dataframe of response values, or an object of class, response (created by restovec) or repeated (created by rmna).
times When response is a matrix, a vector of possibly unequally spaced times when they are the same for all individuals or a matrix of times. Not necessary if equally spaced. Ignored if response has class, response or repeated.
intensity The form of function to be put in the Pareto distribution. Choices are exponential, Weibull, gamma, normal, logistic, Cauchy, Student, log normal, log logistic, log Cauchy, log Student, and gen(eralized) logistic.
depend Type of dependence. Choices are independence, Markov, serial, and frailty.
mu A regression function for the location parameter or a formula beginning with ~, specifying either a linear regression function in the Wilkinson and Rogers notation or a general function with named unknown parameters. If there are only time-constant covariates, give the initial estimates in preg; if any covariates are time-varying, give all initial estimates in ptvc.
shape A regression function for the shape parameter or a formula beginning with ~, specifying either a linear regression function in the Wilkinson and Rogers notation or a general function with named unknown parameters. It must yield one value per observation.
density If TRUE, the density of the function specified in intensity is used instead of the intensity.
ccov A vector or matrix containing time-constant baseline covariates with one row per individual, a model formula using vectors of the same size, or an object of class, tccov (created by tcctomat). If response has class, repeated, the covariates must be supplied as a Wilkinson and Rogers formula unless none are to be used or mu is given.
tvcov A list of matrices with time-varying covariate values, observed at the event times in response, for each individual (one column per variable), one matrix or dataframe of such covariate values, or an object of class, tvcov (created by tvctomat). If a time-varying covariate is observed at arbitrary time, gettvc can be used to find the most recent values for each response and create a suitable list. If response has class, repeated, the covariates must be supplied as a Wilkinson and Rogers formula unless none are to be used or mu is given.
torder The order of the polynomial in time to be fitted.
interaction Vector of length equal to the number of time-constant covariates, giving the levels of interactions between them and the polynomial in time in the linear model.
preg Initial parameter estimates for the regression model: intercept, one for each covariate in ccov, and torder plus sum(interaction). If a location function (mu) is supplied that contains time-varying covariates, all initial estimates must be given in ptvc. If mu is a formula with unknown parameters, their estimates must be supplied either in their order of appearance in the expression or in a named list.
ptvc Initial parameter estimates for the coefficients of the time-varying covariates, as many as in tvcov. If a location function (mu) is supplied that contains time-varying covariates, all initial estimates must be given here.
pintercept The initial estimate of the intercept for the generalized logistic intensity.
pshape An initial estimate for the shape parameter of the intensity function (except exponential intensity). If shape is a function or formula, the corresponding initial estimates. If shape is a formula with unknown parameters, their estimates must be supplied either in their order of appearance in the expression or in a named list.
pinitial An initial estimate for the initial parameter. (With frailty dependence, this is the frailty parameter.)
pdepend An initial estimate for the serial dependence parameter.
delta Scalar or vector giving the unit of measurement for each response value, set to unity by default. For example, if a response is measured to two decimals, delta=0.01. If the response has been pretransformed, this must be multiplied by the Jacobian. This transformation cannot contain unknown parameters. For example, with a log transformation, delta=1/y. The jacobian is calculated automatically for the transform option. Ignored if response has class, response or repeated.
transform Transformation of the response variable: identity, exp, square, sqrt, or log.
link Link function for the mean: identity, exp, square, sqrt, or log.
envir Environment in which model formulae are to be interpreted or a data object of class, repeated, tccov, or tvcov. If response has class repeated, it is used as the environment.
others Arguments controlling nlm.

Description

kalseries is designed to handle repeated measurements models with time-varying covariates. The distributions have two extra parameters as compared to the functions specified by intensity and are generally longer tailed than those distributions. Dependence among observations on a unit can be through frailty (a type of random effect) or serial dependence over time.

Nonlinear regression models can be supplied as formulae where parameters are unknowns. Factor variables cannot be used and parameters must be scalars. (See finterp.)

Marginal and individual profiles can be plotted using profile and iprofile and residuals with plot.residuals.

If the responses on a unit are clustered, not longitudinal, use the failty dependence with the default exponential intensity.

Value

A list of classes kalseries and recursive is returned.

Author(s)

J.K. Lindsey

See Also

carma, elliptic, finterp, gar, gettvc, gnlmm, gnlr, iprofile, kalcount, kalsurv, profile, read.list, restovec, rmna, tcctomat, tvctomat.

Examples

treat <- c(0,0,1,1)
tr <- tcctomat(treat)
dose <- matrix(rpois(20,10), ncol=5)
dd <- tvctomat(dose)
y <- restovec(matrix(rnorm(20), ncol=5))
reps <- rmna(y, ccov=tr, tvcov=dd)
#
# normal intensity, independence model
kalseries(y, intensity="normal", dep="independence", preg=1, pshape=5)
# random effects
kalseries(y, intensity="normal", dep="frailty", preg=1, pdep=0.1, psh=5)
# serial dependence
kalseries(y, intensity="normal", dep="serial", preg=1, pinitial=1,
	pdep=0.1, psh=5)
#
# add time-constant variable
kalseries(y, intensity="normal", dep="serial", pinitial=1,
	pdep=0.1, psh=5, preg=c(1,0), ccov=treat)
# or equivalently
kalseries(y, intensity="normal", mu=~treat, dep="serial", pinitial=1,
	pdep=0.1, psh=5, preg=c(1,0))
# or
kalseries(y, intensity="normal", mu=~b0+b1*treat, dep="serial",
	pinitial=1, pdep=0.1, psh=5, preg=c(1,0), envir=reps)
#
# add time-varying variable
kalseries(y, intensity="normal", dep="serial", pinitial=1, pdep=0.1,
	psh=5, preg=c(1,0), ccov=treat, ptvc=0, tvc=dose)
# or equivalently, from the environment
kalseries(y, intensity="normal",
	mu=~b0+b1*rep(treat,rep(5,4))+b2*as.vector(t(dose)),
	dep="serial", pinitial=1, pdep=0.1, psh=5, ptvc=c(1,0,0))
# or from the reps data object
kalseries(y, intensity="normal", mu=~b0+b1*treat+b2*dose,
	dep="serial", pinitial=1, pdep=0.1, psh=5,
	ptvc=c(1,0,0), envir=reps)
# first-order one-compartment model
# data objects for formulae
dose <- c(2,5)
dd <- tcctomat(dose)
times <- matrix(rep(1:20,2), nrow=2, byrow=T)
tt <- tvctomat(times)
# vector covariates for functions
dose <- c(rep(2,20),rep(5,20))
times <- rep(1:20,2)
# functions
mu <- function(p) exp(p[1]-p[3])*(dose/(exp(p[1])-exp(p[2]))*
	(exp(-exp(p[2])*times)-exp(-exp(p[1])*times)))
shape <- function(p) exp(p[1]-p[2])*times*dose*exp(-exp(p[1])*times)
# response
conc <- matrix(rgamma(40,shape(log(c(0.01,1))),mu(log(c(1,0.3,0.2)))),
	ncol=20,byrow=T)
conc[,2:20] <- conc[,2:20]+0.5*(conc[,1:19]-matrix(mu(log(c(1,0.3,0.2))),
	ncol=20,byrow=T)[,1:19])
conc <- restovec(ifelse(conc>0,conc,0.01))
reps <- rmna(conc, ccov=dd, tvcov=tt)
#
# constant shape parameter
kalseries(reps, intensity="gamma", dep="independence", mu=mu,
	ptvc=c(-1,-1.1,-1), pshape=1.5, envir=reps)
# or
kalseries(reps, intensity="gamma", dep="independence",
	mu=~exp(absorption-volume)*
	dose/(exp(absorption)-exp(elimination))*
	(exp(-exp(elimination)*times)-exp(-exp(absorption)*times)),
	ptvc=list(absorption=-1,elimination=-1.1,volume=-1),
	pshape=1.2, envir=reps)
# add serial dependence
kalseries(reps, intensity="gamma", dep="serial", pdep=0.9,
	mu=~exp(absorption-volume)*
	dose/(exp(absorption)-exp(elimination))*
	(exp(-exp(elimination)*times)-exp(-exp(absorption)*times)),
	ptvc=list(absorption=-1,elimination=-1.1,volume=-1),
	pshape=1.2, envir=reps)
# time dependent shape parameter
kalseries(reps, intensity="gamma", dep="independence", mu=mu,
	shape=shape, ptvc=c(-1,-1.1,-1), pshape=c(-3,0),
	envir=reps)
# or
kalseries(reps, intensity="gamma", dep="independence",
	mu=~exp(absorption-volume)*
	dose/(exp(absorption)-exp(elimination))*
	(exp(-exp(elimination)*times)-exp(-exp(absorption)*times)),
	ptvc=list(absorption=-1,elimination=-1.1,volume=-1),
	shape=~exp(b1-b2)*times*dose*exp(-exp(b1)*times),
	pshape=list(b1=-3,b2=0), envir=reps)
# add serial dependence
kalseries(reps, intensity="gamma", dep="serial", pdep=0.5,
	mu=~exp(absorption-volume)*
	dose/(exp(absorption)-exp(elimination))*
	(exp(-exp(elimination)*times)-exp(-exp(absorption)*times)),
	ptvc=list(absorption=-1,elimination=-1.1,volume=-1),
	shape=~exp(b1-b2)*times*dose*exp(-exp(b1)*times),
	pshape=list(b1=-3,b2=0), envir=reps)


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